Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted great interest due to its applicability in many fields. The adoption of visual illustration techniques produced by AI in the field of graphic design has further expanded the field of use of this technology. This study focuses on foot anatomy illustrations generated by Adobe Firefly and Microsoft Designer Image Creator applications, evaluating them based on detail, clarity, anatomical realism, accuracy, and aesthetic appeal. Methods: The illustrations were created using text-based scripts, and five anatomists compared them to traditional illustrations from the Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy. Results: Fleiss’ Kappa statistic was used to analyze consistency among expert evaluations. For the four figures generated by both AI applications, Fleiss’ Kappa agreement was high. Adobe Firefly performed slightly better in illustrating phalanx and ankle bones, but its anatomical accuracy was lower for tarsal and metatarsal bones. Microsoft Designer Image Creator excelled in illustrating metatarsal bones, while its tarsal and phalanx illustrations were less anatomically accurate than Adobe Firefly and the atlas drawings. Both programs showed average realism in ankle structures, while the tarsal bones had low realism. Conclusions: Artificial intelligence applications within the scope of the study showed fast performance. Aesthetic appeal is dominant at first glance in the resulting drawings. In general, both applications have struggled to reflect anatomical reality.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disorder characterized by progressive impairment of memory, cognition, and behavior. Since current treatment approaches have been unable to significantly slow the progression of the disease, there is an increasing need for new neuroprotective strategies. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of curcumin and resveratrol on neurotoxicity and the resulting cognitive impairments. Methods: A total of 60 male Wistar albino rats were included in the study. On day 1, an experimental Alzheimer’s model was induced by a single intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Following model induction, the animals were randomly assigned into six groups: Alzheimer’s disease (ALZ) group, ALZ+curcumin (ALZ+CUR) group, ALZ+resveratrol (ALZ+RES) group, ALZ+curcumin+resveratrol (ALZ+CUR+RES) group, SHAM group, and control group. Morris water maze test, open field test and passive avoidance test were used for behavioral tests; GFAP and caspase-3 tests for immunohistochemical analysis; TAS/TOS values for biochemical analysis and Cavalieri method for stereological examination. Results: Behavioral tests demonstrated that curcumin and resveratrol significantly improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Histological analyses revealed that curcumin and resveratrol reduced the density of cells stained with Caspase 3 (+) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (+), thereby alleviating neuronal cell death and astrocyte activation. Stereological analyses demonstrated that curcumin and resveratrol improved the STZ-induced hippocampal volume reduction. Serum levels of Total antioxidative status (TAS) and Total oxidative status (TOS) measured in serum samples indicated that oxidative stress induced by STZ was reduced by curcumin and resveratrol. While these two compounds exhibited neuroprotective effects when administered alone, no such effect was observed when administered together, suggesting that combination therapy did not produce the expected synergistic effect. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that curcumin and resveratrol, when administered alone, reduce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation caused by STZ, prevent neuronal apoptosis, and exhibit significant neuroprotective effects in ALZ, thereby improving learning and memory functions. These findings suggest that curcumin and resveratrol may serve as effective therapeutic agents in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia and a progressive neurodegenerative disease that begins with neuronal damage and leads to a reduction in brain tissue. Currently, there is no cure for this disease, and existing approaches focus on alleviating symptoms. Methods: This study proposes NeuroFusion-ViT, a highly accurate and computationally efficient hybrid deep learning model for early-stage detection of Alzheimer’s disease. The model combines an EVA-02-based Vision Transformer (ViT) with the ConvNeXt-Small CNN architecture, providing powerful representation learning that can process both global context and local details. The proposed Gated Cross-Attention Fusion (G-CAF) mechanism dynamically combines two different features, offering high discriminative power and model stability. Results: In experiments conducted on the OASIS MRI dataset, the model achieved 99.86% accuracy, 0.9989 Macro F1, and 0.999 ROC-AUC values, demonstrating clear superiority over single-modal and hybrid models described in the literature. Furthermore, 5-fold cross-validation results also support the model’s high generalizability. Ablation studies showed that each of the components—cross-attention, gate mechanism, Dual LayerNorm, and FFN-Dropout—made a meaningful contribution to performance. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the NeuroFusion-ViT architecture offers a reliable, stable, and clinically applicable solution for Alzheimer’s stage classification.

The pelvis and abdominal cavity are analysed as two separate regions, although they are a continuation of each other. The bony skeleton formed by the coxae, sacrum and coccyx is characterised as the pelvis. This bony skeleton acts as a bridge between the trunk and lower extremities. The pelvic skeleton is bowl-shaped and contains part of the digestive system, the last parts of the urinary system and the internal reproductive organs. It has a structure that supports the intra-abdominal organs. It also plays an important role during pregnancy and labour. Since it forms the bone canal through which the foetus passes, its size in women is of extra importance. This skeletal system, which is mainly composed of bones and ligaments, is completed with fascia and muscles filling the upper and lower parts. The right and left levator ani muscle and the right and left coccygeus muscles cover the base of the pelvic skeleton and form the pelvic diaphragm. The part above the pelvic diaphragm is called the pelvic cavity and the part below is called the perineum. The perineum is a quadrangular area formed by the structures that close the pelvic outlet. This region differs in men and women. The perineum is analysed in two parts: the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle. The pelvis and perineum are as clinically important as the organs it contains as well as the muscles involved in its structure. The superficial/deep transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, compressor urethra and external urethral sphincter muscles close the urogenital triangle. In the anal triangle is the external anal sphincter. Many clinical pictures such as urinary stress ıncontinence, fracture of the pelvis, urethrocele, cystocele, uterine prolapse are examined in the clinical anatomy of this region.

The pulmonary circulation, also known as the small circulation or pulmonary circulation, is the circulation between the heart and the lungs. Dirty blood from the upper and lower limbs, head, neck and trunk empties into the right atrium of the heart. From here, deoxygenated blood is transferred to the right ventricle and travels to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk. In the lungs, it becomes rich in oxygen at the alveolar level and returns to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins. This cycle is called pulmonary circulation. The right side of the heart is involved in the pulmonary circulation. For this reason, the right heart is morphologically examined in the pulmonary circulation. In the pulmonary circulation, the lung and heart serve as the main organs. In addition, the organs of the respiratory system take part in the oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle in the circulation. The nose is the first organ of the respiratory system and the oxygen taken in passes from the nose to the pharynx. Oxygen is transmitted from the pharynx to the larynx and then to the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lower segments and to the units of the lung responsible for gas exchange. After the deoxygenated blood transported from the right heart to the lung is oxygenated here, the resulting carbon dioxide is discharged into the external environment by following the same path in reverse. After the deoxygenated blood, which is transported from the right heart to the lungs, is oxygenated here, the resulting carbon dioxide is excreted into the external environment by following the same path in reverse. In other words, carbon dioxide collected from the lower segments of the lungs is discharged into the atmosphere using the order of bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and nose.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral disturbances. Given the limited efficacy of current treatments, there is an urgent need for new neuroprotective strategies. In this study, the therapeutic potential of curcumin and resveratrol was evaluated in a rat AD model induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of streptozotocin (STZ) (3 mg/kg). Subsequent to model induction, rats were administered curcumin, resveratrol, or a combination of both. The behavioral analyses, which included the Morris water maze, open field, and passive avoidance tests, revealed that both compounds significantly improved learning and memory performance. The histological and immunohistochemical findings demonstrated a decrease in caspase-3 and GFAP immunoreactivity, suggesting reduced neuronal apoptosis and astrocyte activation. The behavioral analyses, which included the Morris water maze, open field, and passive avoidance tests, revealed that both compounds significantly improved learning and memory performance. The histological and immunohistochemical findings demonstrated a decrease in caspase-3 and GFAP immunoreactivity, suggesting reduced neuronal apoptosis and astrocyte activation. Biochemical results showed an increase in total antioxidant status (TAS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, along with a decrease in total oxidative status (TOS) and TNF-α levels. Stereological evaluation also confirmed partial restoration of hippocampal volume. While curcumin and resveratrol exhibited potent neuroprotective effects when used separately, no synergistic interaction was observed when used in combination. These findings suggest that curcumin and resveratrol may serve as promising therapeutic agents for reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal degeneration associated with Alzheimer’s disease.