Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is a therapeutic intervention that utilizes riboflavin photochemical activation with ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light to induce covalent cross-links within the stromal corneal fibers, effectively increasing corneal biomechanical stability and halting the progressive ectasia. The method was introduced in the late 1990s in Germany at the University of Dresden. The cross-linking method using the Avedro system (Waltham, MA, USA) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 18 April 2016, based on three prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trials for keratoconus and other corneal ectasias. Recent innovations in CXL include a range of new treatment protocols and methods, which have been introduced to further enhance the clinical effectiveness, efficiency, and safety of CXL. These modifications encompass approaches like transepithelial or epithelium-on CXL (TE-CXL or epi-on CXL), accelerated CXL (ACXL), pulsed CXL (PL-CXL), transepithelial iontophoresis-assisted crosslinking (I-CXL), diluted alcohol and iontophoresis-assisted corneal cross-linking (DAI-CXL), slit-lamp CXL, and CXL plus (combined) methods. This review synthesizes findings on currently used modifications of the cross-linking method, the effectiveness, and directions of development of this currently dominant surgical method of treating corneal ectasia. This review concentrates on the long-term follow-up data, based on publications ranging from 1998 up to 2023.

Introduction and Purpose of Research Nicotine pouches, popular especially among young people, are smokeless alternatives to traditional tobacco. Placed in the mouth, they release nicotine absorbed through the mucosa, reducing withdrawal symptoms and avoiding harmful tobacco smoke. Often used for smoking cessation, they are considered lower-risk than smoking and may help reduce smoking rates. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the impact of nicotine pouches on overall human health. Review Methods The review is based on 39 articles found in PubMed databases published between 2006–2024. Conclusion While nicotine pouches and snus are marketed as lower-risk alternatives to smoking, their health implications are still significant. These products, popular among young adults and athletes, may help with smoking cessation but carry risks, particularly with long-term use. Research suggests nicotine pouches and snus may have no performance-enhancing effects in sports and could impair physical performance, including endurance and strength. Moreover, their use is linked to various health concerns such as cardiovascular issues, type 2 diabetes, oral mucosal changes, and decreased sperm count. Snus has been associated with a modest increase in cardiovascular disease risk, although the risks are lower than smoking. Additionally, smokeless tobacco use is linked to an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma, especially in women. The use of snus during pregnancy has also been linked to higher risks of post-neonatal mortality and other adverse outcomes. Despite these findings, there is a need for more extensive, well-controlled studies to fully understand the long-term health effects of smokeless tobacco products and their role in public health.

Introduction Lipedema is a chronic condition that affects the majority of women. It involves swelling in fatty parts of the body such as the buttocks, hips, thighs and calves. It usually develops during a period of hormonal changes (puberty, pregnancy or menopause) and is often confused with lymphoedema or obesity, leading to a delay in correct diagnosis and the introduction of effective treatment. Fat oedema is estimated to affect 1 in 72,000 people. However, these figures, according to many sources, are much underestimated compared to the actual occurrence of the condition due to misdiagnosis. [1] Purpose of Research The aim of this work is to commonize the knowledge around the problem of lipedema, presenting the current diagnosis and treatment. State of knowledge Lipaemia is a chronic disease characterised by the development of fatty oedema in the lower extremities (in some cases also in the upper extremities), which is resistant to exercise. The pathogenesis of the disease is unclear and diagnosis and treatment still require much research. Review Methods The literature review was based on the most recent studies. PubMed and Google Scholar open databases were used in the research. The focus was put on literature published between 2013 and 2024. Summary Lipedema hinders women's physical, psychological and social functioning. Current diagnosis and treatment is not sufficient to be certain of an accurate diagnosis and to apply appropriate treatment. However, knowledge about this disease is becoming more publicised, through media, among other means, and research is being conducted at a larger scale.

Introduction: According to 2023 statistics in the United States, penetrating eye injuries are not infrequent. Mishandling a penetrating eye injury can lead to irreversible blindness of the the patient. Therefore, proper response from doctors and prompt surgical intervention with a well-planned...

Introduction and Purpose of Research: Vegetarianism, characterized by the exclusion of meat, poultry, fish, seafood, and their derivatives, has gained popularity as studies continue to highlight its positive impact on health. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the health and lifestyle impacts of vegetarian diets by examining both the benefits and potential risks. Review Methods: The review is grounded in findings from 40 recent studies sourced through a systematic search of open-access databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on literature published between 2000 and 2024. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Vegetarian diets are associated with significant health benefits, including reduced risks of chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, largely due to their high content of fiber, antioxidants, and healthy fats. Additionally, vegetarians tend to have lower BMI and improved cholesterol and blood pressure levels. However, unbalanced vegetarian diets may lead to deficiencies in essential nutrients such as protein, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids, which can impact overall health. Conclusion: Properly planned vegetarian diets are healthy, nutritionally correct and can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Careful selection of meal ingredients and adequate supplementation are key to maximising the benefits and counteracting the potential risks associated with such diets.

This review explores treatment approaches and therapies for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition affecting adults, with symptoms often persisting from childhood into adulthood. The research examines the efficacy, tolerability, and accessibility of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. ADHD management necessitates a multimodal approach combining medications, behavioral therapies, and educational interventions tailored to individual needs. The analysis focuses on stimulant and non-stimulant medications, including methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine, and alpha-2 agonists, with regional variations in treatment guidelines. Stimulants, primarily methylphenidate and amphetamine formulations, demonstrate robust efficacy in symptom reduction for patients. Non-stimulant options like atomoxetine are recommended for patients with contraindications to stimulants. Emerging formulations, such as extended-release medications, address tolerance and adherence challenges. Psychosocial interventions, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), complement pharmacological treatments by targeting organizational skills, emotional regulation, and comorbidities like anxiety and depression. Evidence suggests that combined approaches improve long-term functional outcomes, such as academic performance and interpersonal relationships. Despite advances, gaps in treatment access and the need for individualized care remain significant challenges. This review underscores the importance of ongoing research to optimize ADHD management strategies and ensure equitable access to effective therapies worldwide.