Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is a common condition causing excessive tearing or mucoid discharge from the eyes, due to blockage of the nasolacrimal duct system. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction affects as many as 20% children aged <1 year worldwide and is often resolved without surgery. Available treatment options are conservative therapy, including observation, lacrimal sac massage and antibiotics, and invasive therapy. Observation, combined with conservative options, seems to be the best option in infants aged 1 year, nasolacrimal probing successfully addresses most obstructions. However, the most favorable timing for probing remains controversial. To alleviate persistent epiphora and mucous drainage that is refractory to probing, repeat probing, silicone tube intubation, balloon catheter dilation or dacryocystorhinostomy can be considered as available treatment options. Our review aims to provide an update to CNDO management protocols.

Purpose: A performance comparison of two myopia control spectacle lens designs, defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) and highly aspherical lenslets (HAL), at slowing myopia progression in a European child/adolescent population. Previous research directly comparing these designs has been limited to Chinese participants and 1-year follow-up. The prevalence of myopia in European child/adolescent has been estimated at 22.60%.Methods: Retrospective cohort study of individuals (6–17 years) with myopia progression. Participants wore DIMS (Hoya MiyoSmart) or HAL (Essilor Stellest) spectacles for a minimum of 2 years. Axial length (AL) and cycloplegic autorefraction (spherical equivalent refraction (SER)) were measured at baseline and 1 and 2 years.Results: Mean 1-year SER changes for DIMS were −0.34D (±0.46 SD) and HAL −0.30D (±0.30); 2-year changes for DIMS were −0.50D (±0.64 SD) and HAL −0.63D (±0.56). Mean 1-year AL increases for DIMS were 0.19 mm (±0.56) and HAL 0.15 mm (±0.47); 2-year increases for DIMS were 0.29 mm (±0.63) and HAL 0.32 mm (±0.72). For equivalence margins of 0.25D and 0.50D for SER at 1 and 2 years, respectively, and similarly 0.20 mm and 0.30 mm margins for AL, DIMS and HAL lenses were equivalent apart from AL at 1 year where the 0.21 mm 95% CI upper limit just exceeded 0.20 mm. At both 1 and 2 years, none of the differences in mean SERs or ALs between DIMS and HAL were clinically or statistically significant (p≥0.05 Mann–Whitney U test). Using linear mixed model analysis, the interaction between lens type and time did not significantly affect SER or AL at 1- or 2-year follow-up (p≥0.05). 38.4% of children/adolescents with DIMS had no SER progression at 2 years, compared with 21.9% with HAL (p=0.047).Conclusion: In a European population, DIMS and HAL lenses are essentially equivalent in their ability to reduce myopia progression and AL elongation over a 2-year follow-up period.

The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to public health worldwide, affecting various medical fields, including ophthalmology. Eye infections, ranging from conjunctivitis to more severe conditions like keratitis, are commonly treated with antibiotics. However, the misuse and overuse of these drugs have led to the development of resistant strains of bacteria, allowing traditional treatments ineffective. This paper aims to examine the current situation of antibiotic resistance in eye infections globally, with a specific focus on a large group of hospitals located in Milan (Italy) with considerable experience in cataract and cornea surgery as well as in retinopathy. The results of the study show the prevalence of Gram-positives in the tested samples and a low resistance of fluoroquinolones and glycopeptides. The results also highlight the need to implement sample collection methods for ocular infections, as the quantity of positive samples is rather low compared to the total number of samples. In conclusion, the study, although with limited data, shows that resistance to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins is a situation to be monitored. These data also show the critical need to improve and guide the biological sample collection modalities in order to make the diagnosis more reliable.

Purpose: To describe the retinal vascular changes in birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to compare them with changes in macular thickness. Methods: In this multicenter study, patients with a diagnosis of BSCR and a positive HLA-A29 underwent fluorescein angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and OCTA. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and the area of capillary non-perfusion were manually measured by two examiners in fluorescein angiography (FA) and 3 × 3-mm OCTA images of the superficial retinal layer. These measurements were compared to central retinal thickness. To calculate normal capillary density, we collected data from 22 controls who had OCTA performed on one visit only. Results: A total of 44 eyes with BSCR were enrolled. The mean automated parafoveal superficial capillary density in BSCR eyes was 0.47 ± 0.03. The differences between the foveal capillary density of BSCR patients and healthy subjects were statistically significant ( P  < 0.001). The mean area of FAZ manually measured on the 3 × 3 mm unsegmented OCTA images was larger in eyes with BSCR (1.34 ± 0.41 mm ² ; P < 0.0001). Measurement of FAZ area showed good interobserver ( κ 0.88) and intraobserver repeatability ( κ 0.79) on OCTA images. The intraclass correlation coefficient for FAZ measurements on FA between the two observers was 0.48. The OCT retinal thickness maps of all BSCR eyes demonstrated statistically significant thinning compared to those of control subjects ( P  < 0.01). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the potential contribution of OCTA as a new non-invasive imaging technology that monitors disease activity in BSCR patients.