This study addresses the crucial variables contributing highly to the risk of flooding based on the flood characteristics of the Waverly region and develop a fuzzy logic and geographic information based urban flood map with flood zones in Waverly City, Iowa. The methodology emphasizes on weighting crucial variables using spatial analyst tools and fuzzy logic based GIS mapping. Local elevation, distance from Cedar River, land use and population density in Waverly city are recognized as effective variables to risk of flooding in Waverly city. Twenty three calibration tests for determination of weightages of these variables on the risk of flood were performed and compared to previously produced Waverly flood risk maps. Finally, weightages of these variables were assigned as 70 % for elevation, 20 % for distance from Cedar River, 5 % for Manning’s coefficient, and 5 % for population density. In a fuzzy environment they were assigned different fuzzy membership functions, for elevation, fuzzification technique Small was used, for distance, fuzzification technique MS Small was used, for Manning’s coefficient and population density, fuzzification technique Large was used. The flood hazard maps created were overlaid with 100 and 500-year flood maps of Waverly city for calibration and risk evaluation.

This study details the design and implementation of a real-time river monitoring station established on the Sakarya River, capable of instantaneously tracking water levels and flow rates. The system comprises an ultrasonic distance sensor, a GSM module (Global System for Mobile Communications), which enables real-time wireless data transmission to a server via cellular networks, a solar panel, a battery, and a microcontroller board. The river monitoring station operates by transmitting water level data collected by the ultrasonic distance sensor to a server via a communication module developed on a microcontroller board using an Arduino program, and then sharing these data through a web interface. The developed system performs regular and continuous water level readings without the need for human intervention. During the installation and calibration of the monitoring station, laboratory and field tests were conducted, and the obtained data were validated by comparison with data from the hydropower plant located upstream. This system, mounted on a bridge, measures water levels twice per minute and sends these data to the relevant server via the GSM module. During this process, precipitation data were utilized as a critical reference point for validating measurement data for the 2023 hydrological year, with changes in precipitation directly correlated with river water levels and calculated flow values, which were analyzed accordingly. The real-time river monitoring station allows for instantaneous monitoring of the river, achieving a measurement accuracy of within 0.1%. The discharge values recorded by the system showed a high correlation (r² = 0.92) with data from the hydropower plant located upstream of the system, providing an accurate and comprehensive database for water resource management, natural disaster preparedness, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the system incorporates early warning mechanisms that activate when critical water levels are reached, enabling rapid response to potential flood risks. By combining energy-independent operation with IoT (Internet Of Things)-based communication infrastructure, the developed system offers a sustainable solution for real-time environmental monitoring. The system demonstrates strong applicability in field conditions and contributes to advancing technologies in flood risk management and water resource monitoring.

Nowadays, a detailed safety policy is applied for dams. These policies cover structural safety, monitoring, inspection, safe operation, and emergency plans. For high-risk dams, all these policy elements need to be included in dam safety programs. Deficiencies in embankment dams, which suffer the most damage, can be detected by visual inspection and programmed monitoring of dams. In dams, horizontal and vertical deformation, leakage, pressure, stress, loads acting on structural elements, and environmental factors are generally measured. These behaviors can be numerically modeled to determine the dam behavior. Numerical analysis methods are important for monitoring the safety of the dam. Models created with software such as Plaxis provide information about dam behavior. Although numerical analysis is very important for dams, obtaining the material parameters used in the construction of the dam needed for modeling, recording the construction stages of the dam, not taking the water level change in the dam reservoir instantaneously, and not taking the measurement records of the dam measurement instruments correctly for different reasons constitute problems and difficulties for the analyses. Within the scope of this study, İkizdere Dam in Turkey was modeled with the Plaxis finite element program; the survey and piezometer measurement data taken from the dam were evaluated by comparing with the analysis results; the difficulties and problems encountered in the modeling and analysis phase were stated, and recommendations were made on dam safety and numerical analysis. Thus, in addition to other studies, it was emphasized that it is important for dam engineers to monitor the use of numerical analysis models throughout the entire process, not only in the planning phase but also from the planning phase to the life of the dam, and to keep records of all recording intervals that will be needed in digital analysis models.

This study investigates the impact of climate change on the Mudurnu Stream Basin in northwest Türkiye by analyzing climate parameters in the Mediterranean region. Historical data from EC-Earth2, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR GCMs from the CMIP5 Euro-CORDEX archive were assessed, and future precipitation and temperature data were derived using five statistical bias correction methods for the selected EC-Earth2 model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The SWAT model was employed to simulate future runoff amounts for the Mudurnu Stream Basin. The findings reveal notable changes in precipitation and temperature. The annual and seasonal variations of total precipitation and average, maximum, and minimum temperatures for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the Sakarya and Mudurnu regions were analyzed and determined. The projections for future river flow indicate a significant increase in precipitation during the rainy seasons. The Mudurnu Stream mainstem will experience an increase in flow of between 70 and 140% under RCP4.5 and between 80 and 160% under RCP8.5. In the Dinsiz Stream tributary, a 32–55% increase is observed for the spring and summer months. In this context, the rainfall and runoff projections required for the estimation of potential drought and flood risks in the near and distant future were calculated.