The concept of the sustainable development of the world economy is currently aimed at achieving carbon neutrality, and this is due to the global warming of the planet. Energy and construction make a significant contribution to the release of carbon emissions into the environment and atmosphere. According to statistics, simply burning one ton of Portland cement clinker provokes the release of at least half a ton of carbon dioxide. In this study, the prepared samples were subjected to electron diffraction studies, as well as the X-ray phase analysis of the zone (XRF) using an ARLX’TRA diffractometer. Studies of macro- and microstructures were carried out using a Quanta 3D 200i scanning microscope. The obtained spectra were processed using EDAX TEAM software. The study of the microstructure of the samples showed that the bulk of the heterogeneous systems consisted of volumetric aggregates and intergrowths, i.e., small accumulations on their surfaces with pronounced cleavage, features of the microstructure indicating mineral formation processes. Therefore, the development of low-carbon construction models will make it possible to make a contribution and open an effective path to the implementation of climate policy through the rational use of natural resources and the involvement of industrial waste and nature-like technologies in the production process. In this regard, one of the options for solving the identified problems is to revise existing technologies and develop low-carbon, low-clinker binders using industrial waste and substandard raw materials.

This article discusses the current problem of industrial waste disposal and its use in the production of building materials, which corresponds to the global concept of sustainable development. Attention is mainly paid to the development of a gruntosilicate composite (concrete) based on a mineral slag binder using drilling sludge from the mining industry, ashes from thermal power plants and electrothermophosphoric slag. Physico-chemical studies of man-made raw materials have been carried out, including analysis of chemical and mineralogical composition, granulometric characteristics, radiation safety and other parameters. It has been established that drilling mud, thermal power plant ash and electrothermophosphoric slag meet the requirements for use in building materials and belong to non-hazardous waste. The optimal ratios of the components in the composition of gruntosilicate concrete have been experimentally determined. The highest compressive strength (3.0–3.5 MPa) is achieved with a drilling mud content of 15–23% and a mineral slag binder of 10–20%. It is shown that the introduction of these wastes improves the structure of the material, reduces shrinkage deformations and ensures compliance with the requirements of road surfaces of the II–III classes. The use of industrial waste in construction will reduce the cost of raw materials by approximately 10–30%, reduce the environmental burden and solve the problem of waste disposal. The results of the study demonstrate the prospects of creating a waste-processing industry capable of processing up to 40% of industrial waste into building materials.

A composition of composite cement with the possibility of reducing the proportion of clinker to 15% by weight on aluminosilicate rocks has been developed. The object of the study is the production of composite cement using aluminosilicate rocks of the Kazakhstan deposits - Mynaral and Kuyuk. The patterns of thermal activation processes of polymineral clays and the compositions of the products of firing active mineral additives have been established. It has been established that the clay shale of the Mynaral deposit heat-treated at 900°C has the highest activity. The qualitative and quantitative phase composition of active mineral additives, the main physical and mechanical properties of the obtained composite cements have been studied and determined. It has been established that the best strength properties are possessed by composite cements with additives of 15% of clay shales fired at 800 - 900°C.

A structure of composite cement with 15 wt.% thermally activated clay shales has been developed. The phase composition and properties of aluminosilicate rocks of the Kazakhstan deposits—Mynaral and Kuyuk—have been studied. It has been shown that aluminosilicates are related to clay shales by their composition. The regularities of thermal activation processes of aluminosilicates have been established, and it has been shown that pozzolanic activity increases for all compositions with an increase in the heat treatment temperature from 700 to 900 °C. The clay shale of the Mynaral deposit is characterized by the highest activity. The physicomechanical properties of the obtained composite cements–including Portland cement clinker, gypsum, and thermally activated clay shale—have been studied. It has been shown that when replacing up to 15 wt.% Portland cement clinker with thermally activated clay shales, there is no decrease in the strength properties of the composite cement. The obtained results allow us to consider heat-treated clay shales as active mineral additives.

Мақалада модификациялаушы қоспалар енгізілген электротермофосфорлы шлак негізіндегі жұқамайдаланған цементтің физикалық-механикалық қасиеттерін зерттеу нәтижелері ұсынылған. Механикалық активтендірудің цементтің меншікті бетіне, гидратация процестеріне, цемент тасының микроқұрылымына және беріктік сипаттамаларына әсері зерттелді. Рентгенфазалық талдау, сканерлеуші электрондық микроскопия, дифференциалдық-термиялық талдау және механикалық сынақтарқолданылды. Механикалық активтендіру дәрежесінің артуы фосфорлы шлактың гидравликалық белсенділігін жоғарылатып, құрылым түзілуін қарқындататыны анықталды. Цементтің меншікті беті 320-дан 610 м²/кг-ға дейін артқанда, 28 тәуліктегі сығылуға беріктігі 38,4-тен 66,5 МПа-ға дейін өсті, ал кеуектілігі 21,8%-дан 12,9%-ға дейін төмендеді. Поликарбоксилат негізіндегі суперпластификаторлар су-цемент қатынасын төмендетіп, құрылымды тығыздауға мүмкіндік берді. Фосфорлы шлакты пайдалану клинкер шығынын және CO₂ шығарындыларын азайтып, бетонның пайдалану қасиеттерін жақсартатыны көрсетілді.

The paper presents the synthesis and evaluation of hydration and binding properties of individual minerals with glass-like structures in silicate systems, most often found in technogenic materials based on phosphorus and blast furnace slags. This work aims to determine the optimum composition of CS glasses to obtain binders with given properties, the hydration of glasses of different silicate and aluminosilicate compositions in the presence of solutions of soda, sodium hydroxide, and sodium metasilicate was investigated. The results of X-ray phase and differential-thermal analysis, and infrared spectrum are given, and the hydration structure of the calcium oxide-silicon oxide-alkali component system has been studied. The analysis of hydrate neoplasms of the studied binding systems shows that the most optimal conditions for the synthesis of stone strength with stable physical and mechanical properties are created in the presence of gel-like phase reinforced by hydrosilicates and hydroaluminosilicates of alkaline and alkaline-alkaline-earth composition, characterized by fiber-like structure and possessing the ability to epitaxial fusion with each other, as well as gel-like phase, which they reinforce.