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This article presents findings from a mixed-methods study on residential location and travel in the Reykjavik capital region, Iceland, drawing on a combination of a tailor-made questionnaire survey and in-depth qualitative interviews, including cross-sectional and before–after analyses. A residential location close to the main city center of Reykjavik contributes to shorter travel distances and lower shares of car travel. The effect of proximity to the city center is particularly strong for commuting but exists for non-work travel and overall car-driving distances too. There are also effects of proximity to a main second-order center and local centers and of local-area population density, but these effects apply to fewer aspects of travel. The rationales for location of activities and travel mode choice identified in the qualitative interviews explain why travel distances and modes tend to depend more on proximity to the main city center than on neighborhood-scale built environment characteristics. The main patterns found in the Reykjavik area are in line with findings in several earlier studies in the Nordic countries and elsewhere. However, through its methodological approach, the investigation adds to the few studies on the topic where results are underpinned by combined qualitative and quantitative methods and inclusion of before–after analyses.
Petter Næss; Harpa Stefansdottir; Sebastian Peters; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen. Residential Location and Travel in the Reykjavik Capital Region. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6714 .
AMA StylePetter Næss, Harpa Stefansdottir, Sebastian Peters, Michał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen. Residential Location and Travel in the Reykjavik Capital Region. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6714.
Chicago/Turabian StylePetter Næss; Harpa Stefansdottir; Sebastian Peters; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen. 2021. "Residential Location and Travel in the Reykjavik Capital Region." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6714.
This thematic issue focuses on important but understudied connections between cities and climate impacts of long-distance travel. While urbanization and urban density have climate change mitigation potential in short-distance travel (e.g., by reducing car use and supporting public transportation, walking, and cycling), they have been associated with a higher level of emissions from flights. This highlights the role that city-regions could potentially play in reducing climate impacts of aviation. At the same time, the development of airports and flight connections has been an important driver of economic growth at regional scale and a factor contributing to global competitiveness of city-regions. This thematic issue includes seven interesting articles focusing on different aspects of the theme, all of which are briefly presented in this editorial. We also lay down some suggestions for future research directions based on the findings presented in this thematic issue.
Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz. Cities, Long-Distance Travel, and Climate Impacts. Urban Planning 2021, 6, 228 -231.
AMA StyleJukka Heinonen, Michał Czepkiewicz. Cities, Long-Distance Travel, and Climate Impacts. Urban Planning. 2021; 6 (2):228-231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz. 2021. "Cities, Long-Distance Travel, and Climate Impacts." Urban Planning 6, no. 2: 228-231.
The authors would like to make the following corrections about the published paper
Kevin Dillman; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Correction: Dillman et al. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9390. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5195 .
AMA StyleKevin Dillman, Áróra Árnadóttir, Jukka Heinonen, Michał Czepkiewicz, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Correction: Dillman et al. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9390. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKevin Dillman; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. 2021. "Correction: Dillman et al. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9390." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5195.
Knowledge on when, where and how Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) influence planning decisions has been spotty and incomplete. To fill the gap, we assessed the influence of public land use preferences, obtained through PPGIS, on selected land use planning cases in Finland and Poland. The selected cases ranged in scale from a neighbourhood to an entire city and involved two types of online PPGIS tools: an interactive map-based questionnaire and a map-based discussion platform. The assessment was based on a qualitative framework organizing potential drivers of the planning process into convening, process and outcome aspects. The assessments results show high number and diversity of participants, the use of PPGIS in the beginning of the planning process, and the quality of PPGIS data representing public land use preferences may influence the content of planning documents. Conversely, a mismatch between plan scope and citizen concerns, legal framework constraints, lack of coordination between overlapping participatory and decision-making processes, and low representativeness of PPGIS data diminish the influence of PPGIS on planning decisions.
Piotr Jankowski; Kirsi Forss; Michał Czepkiewicz; Heli Saarikoski; Maarit Kahila. Assessing impacts of PPGIS on urban land use planning: evidence from Finland and Poland. European Planning Studies 2021, 1 -20.
AMA StylePiotr Jankowski, Kirsi Forss, Michał Czepkiewicz, Heli Saarikoski, Maarit Kahila. Assessing impacts of PPGIS on urban land use planning: evidence from Finland and Poland. European Planning Studies. 2021; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr Jankowski; Kirsi Forss; Michał Czepkiewicz; Heli Saarikoski; Maarit Kahila. 2021. "Assessing impacts of PPGIS on urban land use planning: evidence from Finland and Poland." European Planning Studies , no. : 1-20.
This paper presents a mixed-method analysis of car ownership in Reykjavik, Iceland, a location with a high motorization level and deeply rooted car culture. We utilize qualitative interviews to understand vehicle possession reasons and elaborate the study with statistical analysis using a softGIS survey dataset with characteristics of the respondents and their residential location. We focus on adults aged 25 to 40, who are suggested to be less car-oriented than older generations. We also describe the historic development of Reykjavik’s car culture to give a perspective for the findings. We show that even among the studied age group, car ownership is still seen as a social norm, with few even seeing it possible to live without a car, and the public transport system is seen as giving a poverty stigma. However, we still find an increasing share of car-free households towards the city center. Still, the built environment impact is limited to the city center, which has a higher proportion of small adult-only households residing in shared apartments than other areas. Moreover, there seems to be a three-fold connection between having a child, acquiring a car (if not already possessed), and choosing a suburban residential location. Some indications of residential self-selection related to car ownership were found, but pro-car attitudes and residential location independently influenced car ownership. This study helps to understand the reasons for high car dominance and supports designing policies to reduce car-dependency, not just in Reykjavik but also elsewhere.
Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Áróra Árnadóttir; Juudit Ottelin. Drivers of Car Ownership in a Car-Oriented City: A Mixed-Method Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 619 .
AMA StyleJukka Heinonen, Michał Czepkiewicz, Áróra Árnadóttir, Juudit Ottelin. Drivers of Car Ownership in a Car-Oriented City: A Mixed-Method Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):619.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Áróra Árnadóttir; Juudit Ottelin. 2021. "Drivers of Car Ownership in a Car-Oriented City: A Mixed-Method Study." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 619.
Transportation plays a defining role in daily life, and this transport activity acts as a major source of global (GHG) emissions. Cities are macro-level actors that can measure and govern the transportation sector and associated GHG emissions with their boundaries. This study thus performed a scenario analysis using the Reykjavik capital area as a case study, developing a business-as-usual case and five additional “What-If” scenarios using the story-and-simulation approach, modelling and decomposing the effects of axis-based technological and behavioural/urban form changes, estimating both direct and indirect emissions for each scenario. Reykjavik provides an interesting case study as a city in which the electrical grid is already highly decarbonized and has a dominant car culture. Studying Reykjavik provides insight regarding the GHG impacts of an e-transition counter-balanced by high levels of car ownership. The results showed that while e-mobility development would lead to less direct emissions, in terms of total GHG emissions, changes to travel behaviour and urban form would lead to less total GHG emissions. However, this research highlights that even with an already decarbonized electrical grid, an integrated approach of the two axes changes would be required within cities to achieve deep levels of decarbonization.
Kevin Dillman; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Reza Fazeli; Áróra Árnadóttir; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir; Ehsan Shafiei. Decarbonization scenarios for Reykjavik’s passenger transport: The combined effects of behavioural changes and technological developments. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 65, 102614 .
AMA StyleKevin Dillman, Michał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen, Reza Fazeli, Áróra Árnadóttir, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir, Ehsan Shafiei. Decarbonization scenarios for Reykjavik’s passenger transport: The combined effects of behavioural changes and technological developments. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 65 ():102614.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKevin Dillman; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Reza Fazeli; Áróra Árnadóttir; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir; Ehsan Shafiei. 2020. "Decarbonization scenarios for Reykjavik’s passenger transport: The combined effects of behavioural changes and technological developments." Sustainable Cities and Society 65, no. : 102614.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are often considered a potential solution to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originating from personal transport vehicles, but this has also been questioned due to their high production emissions. In this study, we performed an extensive literature review of existing EV life-cycle assessments (LCAs) and a meta-analysis of the studies in the review, extracting life-cycle GHG emission data combined with a standardized methodology for estimating GHG electrical grid intensities across the European Economic Area (EEA), which were used to estimate a set of environmental breakeven points for each EEA country. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to provide sensitivity analysis. The results of the review suggest a need for greater methodological and data transparency within EV LCA research. The meta-analysis found a subset of countries across the EEA where there is a potential that EVs could lead to greater life-cycle GHG emissions than a comparable diesel counterpart. A policy discussion highlights how EV policies in countries with contrasting GHG electric grid intensities may not reflect the current techno-environmental reality. This paper emphasizes the importance for researchers to accurately depict life-cycle vehicle emissions and the need for EEA countries to enact policies corresponding to their respective contextual conditions to avoid potentially enacting policies that could lead to greater GHG emissions.
Kevin Joseph Dillman; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9390 .
AMA StyleKevin Joseph Dillman, Áróra Árnadóttir, Jukka Heinonen, Michał Czepkiewicz, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9390.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKevin Joseph Dillman; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. 2020. "Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9390.
Inner cities have been recently linked to a higher volume of long-distance travel for leisure purposes of their residents when compared to suburban and rural areas. The compensation hypothesis proposes that this difference results from urban residents’ tendency to travel away to compensate for poor access to green spaces or to escape urban stressors. This paper tests two versions of this hypothesis using two softGIS surveys of young adults living in the capital regions: Helsinki in Finland and Reykjavik in Iceland. We also examine an alternative hypothesis of cosmopolitan attitude as the explaining factor. We consider the levels of consonance or dissonance between the residential preferences and the GIS-measured characteristics of residential environments, attitudes towards travel, and socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics of respondents. We found weak and contextual support for the compensation hypothesis: neighborhood greenness was related to the number of trips in Helsinki, but not in Reykjavik. In both cities, the trend of increasing trip numbers along with the distance to the city center was explained mainly by the spatial clustering of cosmopolitan attitudes in the city centres. Private car ownership and summer cottage access were also significant predictors of domestic trips frequency. Overall the results suggest that the compensation effect is neither exclusive nor the most plausible explanation for differences in travel patterns between urban dwellers. Still, it might be at play in some circumstances. The results do not challenge compact city policies but suggest paying attention to additional travel demand due to the inadequacies of urban environments.
Michał Czepkiewicz; Valentina Klaas; Jukka Heinonen. Compensation or cosmopolitan attitudes: Explaining leisure travel of Nordic urbanites. Travel Behaviour and Society 2020, 21, 167 -187.
AMA StyleMichał Czepkiewicz, Valentina Klaas, Jukka Heinonen. Compensation or cosmopolitan attitudes: Explaining leisure travel of Nordic urbanites. Travel Behaviour and Society. 2020; 21 ():167-187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Czepkiewicz; Valentina Klaas; Jukka Heinonen. 2020. "Compensation or cosmopolitan attitudes: Explaining leisure travel of Nordic urbanites." Travel Behaviour and Society 21, no. : 167-187.
This study examined domestic and international long-distance travel patterns of Reykjavik residents. We applied a mixed-methods approach with data triangulation to three datasets, two quantitative and one qualitative. Quantitative analyses included bivariate statistics, spatial statistics, and regression, and qualitative analysis included an explanatory interpretation of semi-structured interviews. The study found a higher number of international trips made by people residing close to the main city centre, particularly among younger adults. Following previous literature, we studied five potential groups of explanations of these patterns: 1) socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, 2) monetary rebound effects, 3) compensation or escape hypothesis, 4) lifestyles and other socio-psychological characteristics, and 5) dispersion of social networks. We found that all these aspects explain the travel activity to some extent, but inconsistently across the different datasets except for the well-known impact of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. However, above all else, a cosmopolitan attitude in travel and language skill level were found to be the most influential predictors of international travel activity, and access to a summer house was an important predictor of domestic travel activity. Broad social networks were also found to play an important role. Despite geographical trends, the study did not find any strong causal relationship between urban form and long-distance travel that would influence the aggregate patterns. Thus, the results do not challenge the urban planning policies of densification on the premise of causing an unintended increase in emissions from long-distance travel.
Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Petter Næss; Harpa Stefansdóttir. Who travels more, and why? A mixed-method study of urban dwellers’ leisure travel. Travel Behaviour and Society 2019, 19, 67 -81.
AMA StyleMichał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen, Petter Næss, Harpa Stefansdóttir. Who travels more, and why? A mixed-method study of urban dwellers’ leisure travel. Travel Behaviour and Society. 2019; 19 ():67-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Petter Næss; Harpa Stefansdóttir. 2019. "Who travels more, and why? A mixed-method study of urban dwellers’ leisure travel." Travel Behaviour and Society 19, no. : 67-81.
Transport is a key sector in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A consensus prevails on a causal relationship between distance to the city center and emissions from private transport, which has led to an emphasis on density in urban planning. However, several studies have reported a reverse association between the level of urbanity and emissions from long-distance leisure travel. Studies have also suggested that pro-environmental attitudes and climate change concerns are unrelated or positively related to emissions from long-distance travel. The goals of this case study were to find out the structure, levels, distribution, and predictors of GHG emissions from the local, domestic, and international travel of young adults of the Reykjavik Capital Region. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was utilized to calculate emissions, and the materials were collected with a map-based online survey. International leisure travel dominated the overall GHG emissions from personal travel regardless of residential location, modality style, or income level. A highly unequal distribution of emissions was found. A higher climate change awareness was found to predict higher GHG emissions from trips abroad. Emissions from leisure travel abroad were the highest in the city center, which was related to cosmopolitan attitudes among downtown dwellers.
Michał Czepkiewicz; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen. Flights Dominate Travel Emissions of Young Urbanites. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6340 .
AMA StyleMichał Czepkiewicz, Áróra Árnadóttir, Jukka Heinonen. Flights Dominate Travel Emissions of Young Urbanites. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6340.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Czepkiewicz; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen. 2019. "Flights Dominate Travel Emissions of Young Urbanites." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6340.
A lot of emphasis has been put on the densification of urban form to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. However, many recent studies have found that central urban dwellers, even though their carbon footprints of daily transportation may be lower, might be responsible for higher total emissions than those that reside in suburban areas. Similarly, as with the urban form, higher environmental concern is often considered as an indicator of lower emissions, but several studies have found that pro-environmental attitude (PEA) does not always correlate with less energy intensive behavior. This study analyzes how urban zones, PEA, and several sociodemographic variables are associated with annual travel emissions and pro-environmental behaviors (PEB), using a dataset collected with a map-based online survey (softGIS) survey, contributed by 841 participants from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA), Finland. Although PEA can affect PEBs related to household energy consumption (β = 0.282, p < 0.001), clothing (β = 0.447, p < 0.001) and produce purchases (β = 0.449, p < 0.0001), their relationship with emissions from local (β = −0.067), national (β = −0.019) and international (β = −0.016) travel was not significant. Clusters of low emissions from local travel and high international travel emissions were found in pedestrian-oriented urban zones and residents of car-oriented zones were more likely to conserve household energy (β = 0.102, p < 0.05). These results might help broaden the current perspective of city planners, as well as identify opportunities for more effective mitigation policies.
Áróra Árnadóttir; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen. The Geographical Distribution and Correlates of Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in an Urban Region. Energies 2019, 12, 1540 .
AMA StyleÁróra Árnadóttir, Michał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen. The Geographical Distribution and Correlates of Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in an Urban Region. Energies. 2019; 12 (8):1540.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁróra Árnadóttir; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen. 2019. "The Geographical Distribution and Correlates of Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in an Urban Region." Energies 12, no. 8: 1540.
Activity space (AS) is a measure of spatial behavior used to summarize the mobility behavior of individuals. Current studies often highlight the fact that AS is highly complex and multidimensional in character. Therefore, the need for more holistic approaches providing more comprehensive descriptions of mobility patterns is evident. This article assesses the activity spaces of young adults aged 25–40 living in the Helsinki metropolitan area using a dataset collected with an online map survey. Using a wide range of measurements covering different aspects of AS, we identified seven components that define activity spaces, namely size, intensity of activities, volume of trips, exteriority, polycentricity, elongation, and destination specialization. We then used the components together with travel mode use to identify a typology of daily mobility patterns. The results show that individuals with different types of AS differ significantly in their socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, employment, household characteristics, and residential neighborhood. Furthermore, the study reveals interesting associations between AS characteristics and different aspects of wellbeing. Overall, the results highlight the importance of multidimensional and comprehensive approaches to understanding daily mobility of urban residents.
Kamyar Hasanzadeh; Michal Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Marketta Kyttä; Sanna Ala-Mantila; Juudit Ottelin. Beyond geometries of activity spaces: A holistic study of daily travel patterns, individual characteristics, and perceived wellbeing in Helsinki metropolitan area. Journal of Transport and Land Use 2019, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleKamyar Hasanzadeh, Michal Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen, Marketta Kyttä, Sanna Ala-Mantila, Juudit Ottelin. Beyond geometries of activity spaces: A holistic study of daily travel patterns, individual characteristics, and perceived wellbeing in Helsinki metropolitan area. Journal of Transport and Land Use. 2019; 12 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamyar Hasanzadeh; Michal Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Marketta Kyttä; Sanna Ala-Mantila; Juudit Ottelin. 2019. "Beyond geometries of activity spaces: A holistic study of daily travel patterns, individual characteristics, and perceived wellbeing in Helsinki metropolitan area." Journal of Transport and Land Use 12, no. 1: 1.
Geo-questionnaires have been used in a variety of domains to collect public preferences, behavioural patterns, and spatially-explicit local knowledge, for academic research and environmental and urban planning. This paper provides an overview of the method focusing on the methodical characteristics of geo-questionnaires including software functions, types of collected data, and techniques of data analysis. The paper also discusses broader methodical issues related to the practice of deploying geo-questionnaires such as respondent selection and recruitment, representativeness, and data quality. The discussion of methodical issues is followed by an overview of the recent examples of geo-questionnaire applications in Poland, and the discussion of socio-technical aspects of geo-questionnaire use in spatial planning.
Michał Czepkiewicz; Piotr Jankowski; Zbigniew Zwoliński. Geo-Questionnaire: A Spatially Explicit Method for Eliciting Public Preferences, Behavioural Patterns, and Local Knowledge – An Overview. Quaestiones Geographicae 2018, 37, 177 -190.
AMA StyleMichał Czepkiewicz, Piotr Jankowski, Zbigniew Zwoliński. Geo-Questionnaire: A Spatially Explicit Method for Eliciting Public Preferences, Behavioural Patterns, and Local Knowledge – An Overview. Quaestiones Geographicae. 2018; 37 (3):177-190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Czepkiewicz; Piotr Jankowski; Zbigniew Zwoliński. 2018. "Geo-Questionnaire: A Spatially Explicit Method for Eliciting Public Preferences, Behavioural Patterns, and Local Knowledge – An Overview." Quaestiones Geographicae 37, no. 3: 177-190.
Negative relationships between urban density and greenhouse gas emissions from daily travel are well established in the literature. However, recent research suggests that higher urban density is associated with higher emissions from long-distance leisure travel, such as car weekend trips and international flights. This article presents the first systematic review of empirical evidence on these associations and discusses potential explanations. A two-step article selection process yielded 27 empirical articles, complemented by one article published during the review process. When international travel is included in the analysis, the results suggest that residents of the largest cities, and particularly those from centrally located and densely built areas, travel more to cover long distances than do others, after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic variables. When only domestic travel is included, residents of larger settlements and areas of higher density engage in less long-distance travel for leisure purposes than those living in smaller settlements and sparsely built areas. Results of the review are indicative and warrant more research. Generalization is currently limited because of the wide variety of travel behavior measures used, consideration of different travel modes and trip purposes, and geographic scope. There is a strong need for replication of the results using consistent methodology, using data from longer and more recent time spans, and expanding to more diverse geographical settings, especially outside Europe. The systematic review is followed by a narrative review of theoretical explanations of the associations. The most common explanations include: rebound effects, the compensation hypothesis, access to transport infrastructure, urban lifestyles, sociopsychological characteristics, and social networks. Socioeconomic variables are controlled in a majority of the reviewed studies, and business travel is excluded from the review, so the concentration of wealth and business in cities may explain the findings only to some extent. Nonetheless, there is not enough empirical evidence on the causal character of the associations and therefore further qualitative and multidisciplinary work is needed. Compact city and urban densification policies are not strongly challenged by current evidence, and most common policy recommendations point to including air travel into carbon taxing or quota schemes.
Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Juudit Ottelin. Why do urbanites travel more than do others? A review of associations between urban form and long-distance leisure travel. Environmental Research Letters 2018, 13, 073001 .
AMA StyleMichał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen, Juudit Ottelin. Why do urbanites travel more than do others? A review of associations between urban form and long-distance leisure travel. Environmental Research Letters. 2018; 13 (7):073001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Juudit Ottelin. 2018. "Why do urbanites travel more than do others? A review of associations between urban form and long-distance leisure travel." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 7: 073001.
The inverse relationship between urban density and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by driving is well established. However, at the same time the few existing studies have observed higher levels of long-distance travel and particularly air travel in the same densely built parts of urban regions. This may lead to GHG emissions reduction in local travel offset by the concomitant increase in long-distance travel. With this study we aim to identify the main factors involved in differences in local, national and long-distance travel patterns and the resulting GHG emissions, with a special focus on the role of the different urban zones in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA) in Finland. We used a softGIS survey to collect data on the personal travel of young adults living in HMA. SoftGIS methodology provides the opportunity to obtain detailed spatial data on participants' residential locations, travel destinations, and destination characteristics such as travel modes, frequencies and trip purposes. Special attention was paid to national and international trips, for which data were collected over 12 months, a period long enough to capture actual travel patterns. GHG emissions were assessed with a wide scope life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, including vehicles and infrastructure, and the results were elaborated with a two-part regression model on participation in travel and amount of GHG emissions. The study found that the residential location was associated with travel emissions on all scales, and independently from major socioeconomic characteristics. Residents of centrally located and densely built urban zones have on average lower emissions from local travel but higher emissions from international travel than residents of car-oriented suburban zones, and the association holds true after controlling for income, education level and household type. Differences in emissions from local travel between most central and most suburban zones were almost completely offset by differences in emissions from international travel. International long-distance trips were a dominant source of travel-related GHG emissions in all urban zones, particularly due to plane flights.
Michał Czepkiewicz; Juudit Ottelin; Sanna Ala-Mantila; Jukka Heinonen; Kamyar Hasanzadeh; Marketta Kyttä. Urban structural and socioeconomic effects on local, national and international travel patterns and greenhouse gas emissions of young adults. Journal of Transport Geography 2018, 68, 130 -141.
AMA StyleMichał Czepkiewicz, Juudit Ottelin, Sanna Ala-Mantila, Jukka Heinonen, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, Marketta Kyttä. Urban structural and socioeconomic effects on local, national and international travel patterns and greenhouse gas emissions of young adults. Journal of Transport Geography. 2018; 68 ():130-141.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Czepkiewicz; Juudit Ottelin; Sanna Ala-Mantila; Jukka Heinonen; Kamyar Hasanzadeh; Marketta Kyttä. 2018. "Urban structural and socioeconomic effects on local, national and international travel patterns and greenhouse gas emissions of young adults." Journal of Transport Geography 68, no. : 130-141.
Two modes of participatory engagement in local land use planning are contrasted and compared: the asynchronous mode enabled by Geoweb applications for collecting and deliberating public preferences, and the same-place/same-time mode exemplified by public meetings. Using data from a public participation process that took place between June 2014 and July 2015 in Poznań, Poland, the article compares the scalability of each mode and evaluates it from the planners’ perspective. The findings show that Geoweb applications scale public participation more effectively than public meetings. The ability to attract a relatively large number of diverse participants contributed to the positive evaluation of participation outcomes by planners. The results of online participation have been reflected in the land use plan provisions and improved the transparency and access to planning documents. Several issues related to online participation including: bridging the educational gap, the digital divide, and focusing the attention of participants on a specific problem at hand remain still unresolved.
Piotr Jankowski; Michał Czepkiewicz; Marek Młodkowski; Zbigniew Zwoliński; Michał Wójcicki. Evaluating the scalability of public participation in urban land use planning: A comparison of Geoweb methods with face-to-face meetings. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 2017, 46, 511 -533.
AMA StylePiotr Jankowski, Michał Czepkiewicz, Marek Młodkowski, Zbigniew Zwoliński, Michał Wójcicki. Evaluating the scalability of public participation in urban land use planning: A comparison of Geoweb methods with face-to-face meetings. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 2017; 46 (3):511-533.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr Jankowski; Michał Czepkiewicz; Marek Młodkowski; Zbigniew Zwoliński; Michał Wójcicki. 2017. "Evaluating the scalability of public participation in urban land use planning: A comparison of Geoweb methods with face-to-face meetings." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 3: 511-533.
Agata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jakub Kronenberg. Eliciting non-monetary values of formal and informal urban green spaces using public participation GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning 2017, 160, 85 -95.
AMA StyleAgata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska, Michał Czepkiewicz, Jakub Kronenberg. Eliciting non-monetary values of formal and informal urban green spaces using public participation GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2017; 160 ():85-95.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jakub Kronenberg. 2017. "Eliciting non-monetary values of formal and informal urban green spaces using public participation GIS." Landscape and Urban Planning 160, no. : 85-95.
Michał Czepkiewicz; Piotr Jankowski; Marek Młodkowski. Geo-questionnaires in urban planning: recruitment methods, participant engagement, and data quality. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 2016, 44, 551 -567.
AMA StyleMichał Czepkiewicz, Piotr Jankowski, Marek Młodkowski. Geo-questionnaires in urban planning: recruitment methods, participant engagement, and data quality. Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 2016; 44 (6):551-567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Czepkiewicz; Piotr Jankowski; Marek Młodkowski. 2016. "Geo-questionnaires in urban planning: recruitment methods, participant engagement, and data quality." Cartography and Geographic Information Science 44, no. 6: 551-567.
In order to address the increasing need for improved linkages between different value perspectives, we examine the possibility of integrating two valuation methods: the non-monetary softGIS and monetary hedonic pricing. We find them compatible and their output more comprehensive compared to traditional valuation based on one value perspective. The public participatory softGIS survey delivers information on the perception of urban green spaces, which we use as a criterion for dividing green space categories in a hedonic pricing model. We find that the perception expressed in the survey is generally consistent with the impact on property prices in the case of formal green spaces. However, it is inconsistent when it comes to informal ones: places identified as lacking well-maintained greenery exert a positive influence on property prices, while positively evaluated informal green spaces had no impact at all. We identify the latter as a typical trade-off between different value perspectives: informal green spaces are perceived differently following a monetary and a non-monetary approach.
Piotr Czembrowski; Jakub Kronenberg; Michał Czepkiewicz. Integrating non-monetary and monetary valuation methods – SoftGIS and hedonic pricing. Ecological Economics 2016, 130, 166 -175.
AMA StylePiotr Czembrowski, Jakub Kronenberg, Michał Czepkiewicz. Integrating non-monetary and monetary valuation methods – SoftGIS and hedonic pricing. Ecological Economics. 2016; 130 ():166-175.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr Czembrowski; Jakub Kronenberg; Michał Czepkiewicz. 2016. "Integrating non-monetary and monetary valuation methods – SoftGIS and hedonic pricing." Ecological Economics 130, no. : 166-175.
Geo-questionnaire involves an integration of sketchable maps with questions, aimed at eliciting public preferences and attitudes about land allocation and services. Respondents can link their answers with corresponding locations on a map by marking points or sketching polygon features. Geo-questionnaires have been used to learn about perceptions and preferences of city residents for specific types of land use, place-based services, and development projects. This article reports on results of an empirical study, in which an online geo-questionnaire was designed and implemented to elicit preferences of residents in guiding an urban development plan. Preferences collected in the form of polygon sketches were processed using GIS operations and mapped for visual interpretation. The article focuses on aggregation and analysis of respondent preferences including the analysis of positional and attribute uncertainty. Results of the study show that geo-questionnaire is a scalable method for eliciting public preferences with a potential for meaningfully informing land use planning.
Piotr Jankowski; Michał Czepkiewicz; Marek Młodkowski; Zbigniew Zwoliński. Geo-questionnaire: A Method and Tool for Public Preference Elicitation in Land Use Planning. Transactions in GIS 2016, 20, 903 -924.
AMA StylePiotr Jankowski, Michał Czepkiewicz, Marek Młodkowski, Zbigniew Zwoliński. Geo-questionnaire: A Method and Tool for Public Preference Elicitation in Land Use Planning. Transactions in GIS. 2016; 20 (6):903-924.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr Jankowski; Michał Czepkiewicz; Marek Młodkowski; Zbigniew Zwoliński. 2016. "Geo-questionnaire: A Method and Tool for Public Preference Elicitation in Land Use Planning." Transactions in GIS 20, no. 6: 903-924.