The increasing complexity of modern automotive lighting systems requires advanced validation strategies that ensure both functional performance and regulatory compliance. This study presents a structured integration of Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing within a digital twin (DT) framework for validating headlamp systems. A gated validation process (G10–G120) is proposed, aligning each development phase with corresponding simulation stages from early requirements and concept validation to real-world scenario testing and continuous integration. A key principle of this approach is the adoption of a framework built upon the V-Cycle, adapted to integrate DT technology with SiL and HiL workflows. This architectural configuration ensures a continuous data flow between the physical system, the digital twin, and embedded software components, enabling real-time feedback, iterative model refinement, and traceable system verification throughout the development lifecycle. The paper also explores strategies for effective DT integration, such as digital twin-as-a-service, which combines virtual testing with physical validation to support earlier fault detection, streamlined simulation workflows, and reduced dependency on physical prototypes during lighting system development. Unlike the existing literature, which often treats SiL, HiL, and DTs in isolation, this work proposes a unified, domain-specific validation framework. The methodology addresses a critical gap by aligning simulation-based testing with development milestones and regulatory standards, offering a foundation for industrial adoption.

Shading faults remain one of the most critical challenges affecting photovoltaic (PV) system efficiency, as they not only reduce power generation but also disturb maximum power point tracking (MPPT). To address this issue, this study introduces a hybrid optimization framework that combines Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) with a Shading-Aware Particle Swarm Optimization (SA-PSO) method. The proposed scheme is designed to adapt dynamically to both partial shading (20%-80%) and complete shading events, ensuring reliable global maximum power point (GMPP) detection. In this approach, the fuzzy controller provides rapid decision support based on shading patterns, while SA-PSO accelerates the search process and prevents the system from becoming trapped in local minima. A comparative performance assessment with the conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm highlights the advantages of the hybrid model, showing up to an 11.8% improvement in power output and a 62 % reduction in tracking time. These results indicate that integrating intelligent control with shading-aware optimization can significantly enhance the resilience and energy yield of PV systems operating under complex real-world conditions.

Digital Twin (DT) implementations in electrical and industrial systems are governed by fragmented ISO/IEC and IEC standards spanning terminology, architecture, interoperability, lifecycle management, and cybersecurity. This paper proposes a mathematical framework that integrates these standards into a unified compliance model. A layered DT architecture is defined as a finite set of functional abstractions, and standards are linked to layers through a multivalued mapping and an incidence matrix. Traceability, interoperability, fidelity, and security/governance indicators are normalized and aggregated through a bounded weighted functional to obtain a deterministic compliance score. The model is then extended by treating selected indicators as random variables, which enables probabilistic maturity classification and Monte Carlo-based robustness analysis. The resulting functional is bounded, monotone, and stable under bounded perturbations. Numerical experiments on a synthetic portfolio illustrate deterministic scoring and uncertainty effects. The framework provides a proof-of-concept basis for structured DT compliance assessment across heterogeneous electrical systems; however, broader empirical validation is still required before operational deployment.

The intensive use of electrical equipment in hospital units, especially in conditions of health crisis, causes an increased risk of accidents and fires, primarily due to the undersizing of the power supply and the lack of specific electrical protection elements. The paper aims to highlight all aspects related to the design and use of electrical installations in hospitals, including measures to be taken in accordance with current standards, to avoid the repetition of recent tragedies in treatment centers where fires broke out. Technical details and stages related to the design and safe operation of electrical installations serving medical equipments, considered critical receivers, are provided.

In this study, an experimental stand was conducted to monitor the temperature of the panels and the temperature under the panel to analyze the thermal influence on the electricity production. The purpose of the practical work is to generate statistics on the parameters influencing the production of electricity and to obtain production analyses based on their own data. A case study of a specific geographic location provides a practical example of how solar irradiance and temperature affect panel output. The results highlight the importance of real-time data for optimizing system design and maximizing energy yield.

In modern automotive lighting systems, efficiency, adaptability, and reliability of each component are essential for ensuring optimal performance. However, the implementation of LED MATRIX (multiple LEDs are organized in a grid and independently controlled to adjust the light output) often faces challenges due to high costs and complex integration processes. To address these issues, the paper proposes and validates a method that uses a simulated model as a cost-effective alternative for testing and optimizing various lighting scenarios before real-world deployment. The method allows for the transformation of the simulated model into a digital twin, which replicates the functionality of the hardware, including LED MATRIX, in a simulation environment. Virtual testing platforms like CANoe (Controller Area Network Environment) are used within this method to evaluate system performance evaluation under extreme conditions, ensuring both safety and reliability. Furthermore, the incorporation of STM32 microcontrollers enables real-time diagnostics and adaptive functionality, supporting the development of efficient and scalable lighting solutions for modern vehicles.