Background. The research results of fat-soluble vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol) encapsulation with β-cyclodextrin have been presented in this work. The vitamin D₃ inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin was obtained under microwave radiation. The surface morphology of obtained clathrate inclusion complexes was described with the help of a scanning electron microscope. The thermographic measurement results on a differential scanning calorimeter have been presented. The activation energy of the β-cyclodextrin : vitamin D₃ clathrate complex thermal oxidative destruction reaction was calculated. The clathrate thermal destruction kinetic parameters were determined. The inclusion complex spectral properties were characterized by IR-Fourier and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The existence of β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex with vitamin D₃ in a 2 : 1 ratio was confirmed by the experimental results. The activation energy of thermal destruction of the inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin with vitamin D₃ was calculated using four different methods.

In this study, the synthesis and properties of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized silver nanoparticles and their loading with a drug component are considered. β-Cyclodextrin was used as a reducing agent and stabilizer in the preparation of silver nanoparticles. The use of β-CD-AgNPs in loading molecules of the alkaloid cytisine (Cz) and its O,O-dimethyl-N-cytisinilphosphate (CzP) derivative, which have pronounced antiviral properties, was studied. The formation of β-CD-Cz-AgNPs and β-CD-CzP-AgNPs was confirmed by UV spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the obtained β-CD-Cz-AgNP and β-CD-CzP-AgNP nanocomposites were well dispersed with particle sizes in the range of 3–20 nm. ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR and COSY, HMQC, HMBC and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the reduction and encapsulation of AgNPs by β-Cz, and the TEM imaging results showed an increase in the size of nanoparticles after the introduction of cytisine and its phosphorus derivative. The kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation process of β-CD, Cz, CzP and their inclusion complexes Cz(CzP)-β-CD-AgNPs under isothermal conditions, which ensure the preservation of the kinetic triplet, were determined. The differences in the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the studied materials are described by the parameters of the Šesták–Berggren model (m and n), which demonstrated differences for different compounds: for β-CD, the values of the parameters m and n are 0.47 and 0.53, respectively, while for CzP-β-CD-AgNPs they reach values of 0.66 and 1.34. These results indicate differences in the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the studied materials.

Background. Drug induced kidney disorder (DIKD) is a frequent adverse event which contributes to morbidity and even incapacitation. Toxic nephropathy also is one of the pathological syndromes or complications in acute alcohol poisoning (AAP). Recent years experience shows the insensitivity of serum creatinine to the early stages of kidney damage. NGAL has been shown as a preferred marker of acute kidney damage in a variety of clinical settings. However, no similar studies of serum NGAL have been performed in patients with toxic nephropathy. The presence of markers discovers the possibility of earlier detection, timely treatment and prevention of disease progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can improve the patients prognosis. Aims to study serum NGAL levels in patients with AAP and DIKD with clinically diagnosed nephropathy and without signs of kidney damage. The effect of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on serum NGAL levels was studied. Materials. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the basis of the biochemical laboratory of the Karaganda Medical University in conjunction with the toxicological department of the Regional Medical Center (from January 2018 to October 2019). The study included 89 patients with AAP and 50 patients with DIKD. 25 healthy donors (control group) and 25 patients with CKD served as comparison groups. Serum NGAL levels were measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Results. We detected the increased serum NGAL level in both groups with drug-induced nephropathy and nephropathy, caused by AAP compared with the control group values (p 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in NGAL level, depending on the type of toxic nephropathy. After ranking the GFR, it was revealed that GFR did not affect the serum NGAL level (F = 2.21; p = 0.12) and its increase was observed both at reduced and increased GFR relative to the control group values (p 0.05). Conclusions. The results of our study showed a multiple increase in the concentration of NGAL in serum not only in patients with toxic nephropathy, but also in patients with increased GFR, even in the absence of clinical and laboratory signs of impaired renal function.

This study presents the results of a study of the synthesis and properties of 2-hydroxy-β-cyclodextrin functionalized by silver nanoparticles and its loading with a bioactive component. As a reducing agent and stabilizer, 2-Hydroxy-β-cyclodextrin (2gβCD) was used in the production of silver nanoparticles. The use of 2gβCD-AgNPs in loading molecules of the plant alkaloid lupinine (Lup) and its acetyl derivative (Lac) with bactericidal properties were studied. The formation of Lup-2gβCD-AgNPs and Lac-2gβCD-AgNPs was confirmed by UV spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the synthesized AgNPs had a spherical shape. ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the reduction and encapsulation of AgNPs by 2gβCD. Thermographic data show that the obtained Lup and its derivative inclusion complexes reduced energy barriers. This makes them promising components for thermosensitive functional materials. Encapsulated complexes of Lup and its acetate inclusion with silver nanoparticles demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) higher antibacterial, cytotoxic, and moderately pronounced analgesic activity.

An important aspect of food technology is that vitamin compounds can be used for a variety of purposes, such as developing methods to enhance the nutritional value of foods. This paper discusses the synthesis and properties of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-functionalized silver nanoparticles, and the use of the resulting β-CD-AgNP inclusion complex when loading vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol, VD₃) molecules. β-Cyclodextrin was used as a reducing agent and a stabilizer in the production of silver nanoparticles. The preparation of VD₃-β-CD-AgNP nanocompositions was confirmed by UV spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the resulting β-CD-VD₃-AgNP nanocomposite was well dispersed with particle sizes ranging from 6 to 15 nm. ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy showed the reduction of silver ions and the formation of β-CD-encapsulated AgNPs. The kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition reaction of the VD₃-β-CD-AgNP nanocomposition have been determined under nonisothermal conditions that ensure the preservation of the kinetic triplet and a more accurate description of the process. The nanocomposition of VD₃ with silver nanoparticles demonstrated antibacterial activity against the used bacteria.

Introduction: Drug induced kidney disorder is a frequent adverse event which contributes to morbidity and even incapacitation. The discovery and development of novel biomarkers and local (renal) response mechanisms, are needed for effective prevention of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Objectives: The main purpose of our study was to investigate the oxidative modifications of proteins in blood plasma and erythrocytes of patients with drug-induced nephropathies. Patients and Methods: Around105 patients were divided into two groups: first group was represented by patients with psychotropic drug-induced nephropathy; the second one consisted of patients received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) were measured by Witko-Sarsat method. Protein reactive carbonyl derivatives (PRCD) were assayed in blood plasma and erythrocytes by the Levine method. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) was determined with the use of a commercially available ELISA kit. Results: Carbonyl derivatives are significantly higher in red blood cells of the 1st and 2nd group patients compared to the control subjects. AOPP statistically increased both in patients with various types of drug nephropathy and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with the control group. The NGAL was significantly higher in all groups compared to the control subjects. Conclusion: The patients with drug-induced nephropathy have increased level of oxidative stress products and response NGAL reaction. The mechanisms that lead to the development of oxidative stress and the production of modified proteins are different in patients treated with different drugs. Establishing patterns of cell-molecular interaction permit the drug-induced nephropathy to be timely diagnosed and therapeutic programs to be optimized.