Nanotechnology has undergone significant development in recent years, particularly in the fabrication of sensors with a wide range of applications. The backbone of nanotechnology is nanostructures, which are determined on a nanoscale. Nanoparticles are abundant throughout the universe and are thought to be essential building components in the process of planet creation. Nanotechnology is generally concerned with structures that are between 1 and 100 nm in at least one dimension and involves the production of materials or electronics that are that small. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are carbon-based nanomaterials that have the structure of tubes. Carbon nanotubes are often referred to as the kings of nanomaterials. The diameter of carbon is determined in nanometers. They are formed from graphite sheets and are available in a variety of colors. Carbon nanotubes have a number of characteristics, including high flexibility, good thermal conductivity, low density, and chemical stability. Carbon nanotubes have played an important part in nanotechnology, semiconductors, optical and other branches of materials engineering owing to their remarkable features. Several of the applications addressed in this review have already been developed and used to benefit people worldwide. CNTs have been discussed in several domains, including industry, construction, adsorption, sensors, silicon chips, water purifiers, and biomedical uses, to show many treatments such as injecting CNTs into kidney cancers in rats, drug delivery, and directing a near-infrared laser at the cancers. With the orderly development of research in this field, additional therapeutic modalities will be identified, mainly for dispersion and densification techniques and targeted drug delivery systems for managing and curing posterior cortical atrophy. This review discusses the characteristics of carbon nanotubes as well as therapeutic applications such as medical diagnostics and drug delivery.

In this study, the synthesis and properties of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized silver nanoparticles and their loading with a drug component are considered. β-Cyclodextrin was used as a reducing agent and stabilizer in the preparation of silver nanoparticles. The use of β-CD-AgNPs in loading molecules of the alkaloid cytisine (Cz) and its O,O-dimethyl-N-cytisinilphosphate (CzP) derivative, which have pronounced antiviral properties, was studied. The formation of β-CD-Cz-AgNPs and β-CD-CzP-AgNPs was confirmed by UV spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the obtained β-CD-Cz-AgNP and β-CD-CzP-AgNP nanocomposites were well dispersed with particle sizes in the range of 3–20 nm. ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR and COSY, HMQC, HMBC and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the reduction and encapsulation of AgNPs by β-Cz, and the TEM imaging results showed an increase in the size of nanoparticles after the introduction of cytisine and its phosphorus derivative. The kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation process of β-CD, Cz, CzP and their inclusion complexes Cz(CzP)-β-CD-AgNPs under isothermal conditions, which ensure the preservation of the kinetic triplet, were determined. The differences in the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the studied materials are described by the parameters of the Šesták–Berggren model (m and n), which demonstrated differences for different compounds: for β-CD, the values of the parameters m and n are 0.47 and 0.53, respectively, while for CzP-β-CD-AgNPs they reach values of 0.66 and 1.34. These results indicate differences in the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the studied materials.

An important aspect of food technology is that vitamin compounds can be used for a variety of purposes, such as developing methods to enhance the nutritional value of foods. This paper discusses the synthesis and properties of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-functionalized silver nanoparticles, and the use of the resulting β-CD-AgNP inclusion complex when loading vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol, VD₃) molecules. β-Cyclodextrin was used as a reducing agent and a stabilizer in the production of silver nanoparticles. The preparation of VD₃-β-CD-AgNP nanocompositions was confirmed by UV spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the resulting β-CD-VD₃-AgNP nanocomposite was well dispersed with particle sizes ranging from 6 to 15 nm. ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy showed the reduction of silver ions and the formation of β-CD-encapsulated AgNPs. The kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition reaction of the VD₃-β-CD-AgNP nanocomposition have been determined under nonisothermal conditions that ensure the preservation of the kinetic triplet and a more accurate description of the process. The nanocomposition of VD₃ with silver nanoparticles demonstrated antibacterial activity against the used bacteria.

It is known that heavy metals have high biological activity, ability to bioaccumulate and move along food chains. In this regard, plants that directly absorb heavy metals from the soil play an important role in their accumulation and delivery to the human body, which poses a huge threat to human health. At the Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kazakh National University. Al-Farabi carried out comprehensive studies to study the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and heavy metal immobiliser Denite®CR on two varieties of soft wheat: Kazakhstanskaya-19 and Samgau. The studies were carried out at the cellular, tissue and organism levels. The object was 14-day-old seedlings of two varieties. The work used cytogenetic, botanical, histological methods, morphometry, biochemistry and biostatistics. The paper shows that Denite®CR: (i) reduces the toxic effect of cadmium on cell division of the root system, restores the values of the mitotic index, almost to control values; the binding of cadmium ions contributed to the adaptation of wheat plants to growth in soil contaminated with cadmium at a concentration five times higher than the Maximum allowed concentration; (ii) statistically significantly increases the thickness of the primary root coat up to 31.89% with neutralization of Cd (Maximum allowed concentration + Denite). Keywords: heavy metals, immobilisation, toxic effect, reclamation, disturbed lands.

This article reports the findings of an investigation into black-fruited cotoneaster (Cotoneaster melanocarpus) as a potential source of biologically active substances. The phytochemical composition of this plant was evaluated, and the primary groups of pharmacologically relevant compounds were characterized. A comparative review of extraction techniques and their influence on the yield and qualitative composition of target substances was conducted. The research utilized mixed maceration with ultrasonic assistance, employing a 70 % ethanol solution as the extracting solvent. GC-MS analysis established the occurrence of terpenoids, steroids, vitamins, aromatic compounds, and fatty acids within the leaf extract. Among the principal constituents detected were squalene (19.59 %), 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol acetate (17.45 %), Vitamin E (11.61 %), and lup-20(29)-en-3-one (10.95 %), each displaying considerable pharmacological significance. The presence of phenolic compounds, essential oils, and ascorbic acid was further verified through qualitative chemical reactions. The feasibility of incorporating the obtained extracts into pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic production was evaluated. The data gathered may serve as a foundation for creating novel therapeutic formulations, functional dietary supplements, and cosmetic preparations enriched with naturally derived antioxidants and other valuable constituents sourced from this underexplored plant species native to Kazakhstan.