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Dr. Wojciech Feleszko
Medical University of Warsaw, Poland

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Position paper
Published: 13 August 2021 in Allergy
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Microbiota composition and associated metabolic activities are essential for the education and development of a healthy immune system. Microbial dysbiosis, caused by risk factors such as diet, birth mode or early infant antimicrobial therapy is associated with the inception of allergic diseases. In turn, allergic diseases increase the risk for irrational use of antimicrobial therapy. Microbial therapies, such as probiotics, have been studied in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, but evidence remains limited due to studies with high heterogeneity, strain-dependent effectiveness, and variable outcome measures. In this review, we sketch the relation of microbiota with allergic diseases, the overuse and rationale for the use of antimicrobial agents in allergic diseases, and current knowledge concerning the use of bacterial products in allergic diseases. We urgently recommend 1) limiting antibiotic therapy in pregnancy and early childhood as a method contributing to the reduction of the allergy epidemic in children and 2) restricting antibiotic therapy in exacerbations and chronic treatment of allergic diseases, mainly concerning asthma and atopic dermatitis. Future research should be aimed at antibiotic stewardship implementation strategies and biomarker-guided therapy, discerning those patients that might benefit from antibiotic therapy.

ACS Style

Gerdien Tramper‐Stranders; Dominika Ambrożej; Alessandra Arcolaci; Marina Atanaskovic‐Markovic; Christina Boccabella; Matteo Bonini; Aspasia Karavelia; Ervin Mingomataj; Liam O' Mahony; Milena Sokolowska; Eva Untersmayr; Wojciech Feleszko; Rational Use Of Antibiotics In Allergic Diseases The Eaaci Task Force Conscious. Dangerous liaisons: Bacteria, antimicrobial therapies, and allergic diseases. Allergy 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Gerdien Tramper‐Stranders, Dominika Ambrożej, Alessandra Arcolaci, Marina Atanaskovic‐Markovic, Christina Boccabella, Matteo Bonini, Aspasia Karavelia, Ervin Mingomataj, Liam O' Mahony, Milena Sokolowska, Eva Untersmayr, Wojciech Feleszko, Rational Use Of Antibiotics In Allergic Diseases The Eaaci Task Force Conscious. Dangerous liaisons: Bacteria, antimicrobial therapies, and allergic diseases. Allergy. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerdien Tramper‐Stranders; Dominika Ambrożej; Alessandra Arcolaci; Marina Atanaskovic‐Markovic; Christina Boccabella; Matteo Bonini; Aspasia Karavelia; Ervin Mingomataj; Liam O' Mahony; Milena Sokolowska; Eva Untersmayr; Wojciech Feleszko; Rational Use Of Antibiotics In Allergic Diseases The Eaaci Task Force Conscious. 2021. "Dangerous liaisons: Bacteria, antimicrobial therapies, and allergic diseases." Allergy , no. : 1.

Eaaci position paper
Published: 28 June 2021 in Allergy
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The latest outbreak of a coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), evolved into a worldwide pandemic with massive effects on health, quality of life, and economy. Given the short period of time since the outbreak, there are several knowledge gaps on the comparative and zoonotic aspects of this new virus. Within the One Health concept, the current EAACI position paper dwells into the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2’s receptors, symptoms, transmission routes for human and animals living in close vicinity to each other, usefulness of animal models to study this disease and management options to avoid intra- and interspecies transmission. Similar pandemics might appear unexpectedly and more frequently in the near future due to climate change, consumption of exotic foods and drinks, globe-trotter travel possibilities, the growing world population, the decreasing production space, declining room for wildlife and free-ranging animals, and the changed lifestyle including living very close to animals. Therefore, both the society and the health authorities need to be aware and well prepared for similar future situations, and research needs to focus on prevention and fast development of treatment options (medications, vaccines).

ACS Style

Anna D. J. Korath; Jozef Janda; Eva Untersmayr; Milena Sokolowska; Wojciech Feleszko; Ioana Agache; Ahmed Adel Seida; Katrin Hartmann; Erika Jensen‐Jarolim; Isabella Pali‐Schöll. One Health: EAACI Position Paper on coronaviruses at the human‐animal interface, with a specific focus on comparative and zoonotic aspects of SARS‐Cov‐2. Allergy 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Anna D. J. Korath, Jozef Janda, Eva Untersmayr, Milena Sokolowska, Wojciech Feleszko, Ioana Agache, Ahmed Adel Seida, Katrin Hartmann, Erika Jensen‐Jarolim, Isabella Pali‐Schöll. One Health: EAACI Position Paper on coronaviruses at the human‐animal interface, with a specific focus on comparative and zoonotic aspects of SARS‐Cov‐2. Allergy. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna D. J. Korath; Jozef Janda; Eva Untersmayr; Milena Sokolowska; Wojciech Feleszko; Ioana Agache; Ahmed Adel Seida; Katrin Hartmann; Erika Jensen‐Jarolim; Isabella Pali‐Schöll. 2021. "One Health: EAACI Position Paper on coronaviruses at the human‐animal interface, with a specific focus on comparative and zoonotic aspects of SARS‐Cov‐2." Allergy , no. : 1.

Correspondence
Published: 15 June 2021 in Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
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Despite the promising results of preliminary studies and hope for preventing atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA) in high-risk infants by emollient application from their first days of life, further analyses failed to confirm the validity of such an approach. In their recent analysis in the March 2021 issue of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Perkin et al1Perkin M.R. Logan K. Marrs T. Radulovic S. Craven J. Boyle R.J. et al.Association of frequent moisturizer use in early infancy with the development of food allergy.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021; 147: 967-976.e1Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar confirm a positive association between early moisturization and the development of FA and sensitization, and they hypothesize that frequent moisturizer application could promote transepidermal sensitization. They further speculate that vegetable oils or detergents present in moisturizers may facilitate the passage of allergens through the skin. Furthermore, a recent systematic review with meta-analysis conducted by Cochrane showed that according to the available data, emollient therapy does not prevent eczema or FA.2Kelleher M.M. Cro S. Van Vogt E. Cornelius V. Lodrup Carlsen K.C. Ove Skjerven H. et al.Skincare interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy: a Cochrane systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.Clin Exp Allergy. 2021; 51: 402-418Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar Because detergents are very rarely present in moisturizers, we would like to draw attention to other detrimental ingredients frequently occurring in skin care products.3Dumycz K. Kunkiel K. Feleszko W. Cosmetics for neonates and infants: haptens in products' composition.Clin Transl Allergy. 2019; 9: 15Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar

ACS Style

Klaudia Ryczaj; Karolina Dumycz; Wojciech Feleszko. Potentially harmful substances in moisturizers. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Klaudia Ryczaj, Karolina Dumycz, Wojciech Feleszko. Potentially harmful substances in moisturizers. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Klaudia Ryczaj; Karolina Dumycz; Wojciech Feleszko. 2021. "Potentially harmful substances in moisturizers." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2021 in Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
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Background The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey for Kids (WURSS-K) is a self-administered questionnaire developed to evaluate the severity of the common cold. It is a patient-oriented instrument that evaluates quality of life in an illness-specific manner to be used in children aged 10 years. The purpose of this study was to validate the Polish version of the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey for Kids. Methods The validation process consisted of five stages: forward translation, backward translation, cognitive debriefing, a pilot study (Study A and Study B), and statistical analysis. The first study (Study A, n = 10, aged 5–13) was conducted in the Emergency Room and an Outpatient Clinic of the Pediatric University Hospital in Warsaw. The purpose of the study was to obtain data for testing the convergent validity of the questionnaire. The second study (Study B, n = 56), consisted of children aged four to six enrolled in three kindergartens in the Warsaw suburbs. The obtained data were subjected to detailed statistical analysis. Results The WURSS Kids Polish showed excellent reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha of the 13 items was 0.791 for the six symptom items and 0.854 for the seven functional items. The Jonckheere–Terpstra trend test was used to evaluate criterion validity. Compliance of the measurement performed independently by the examined person and the doctor on the first day was high (convergent validity). Each particular item was characterized by a different sensitivity to clinical change. The Guyatt’s Responsiveness index ranged from 0.083 to 0.464. Conclusion The internal consistency of the measurements and cross-cultural adaptation of the Polish version of WURSS Kids was satisfactory. The WURSS Kids Polish is a reliable, valid, and responsive disease-specific questionnaire for assessing symptoms and QOL in Polish patients in the pediatric population with the common cold. It may be used both in clinical practice and for research among Polish children with URTI.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Ostrzyżek-Przeździecka; Mariusz Panczyk; Aleksandra Ratajczak; Michał Bronikowski; Wojciech Feleszko. Validation and clinical evaluation of a Polish translation of the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey for Kids (WURSS-K). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2021, 19, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Katarzyna Ostrzyżek-Przeździecka, Mariusz Panczyk, Aleksandra Ratajczak, Michał Bronikowski, Wojciech Feleszko. Validation and clinical evaluation of a Polish translation of the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey for Kids (WURSS-K). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2021; 19 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Ostrzyżek-Przeździecka; Mariusz Panczyk; Aleksandra Ratajczak; Michał Bronikowski; Wojciech Feleszko. 2021. "Validation and clinical evaluation of a Polish translation of the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey for Kids (WURSS-K)." Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 19, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2021 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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A substantial proportion of airway disease’s global burden is attributable to exposure to air pollution. This study aimed to investigate the association between air pollution, assessed as concentrations of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 on the upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS) in children. A nation-wide, questionnaire-based study was conducted in Poland in winter 2018/2019 in a population of 1475 children, comparing URTS throughout the study period with publicly available data on airborne particulate matter. A general regression model was used to evaluate the lag effects between daily changes in PM10 and PM2.5 and the number of children reporting URTS and their severity. PM10 and PM2.5 in the single-pollutant models had significant effects on the number of children reporting URTS. The prevalence of URTS: “runny nose”, “sneezing” and “cough” was positively associated with 12-week mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. In the locations with the highest average concentration of PM, the symptoms of runny nose, cough and sneezing were increased by 10%, 9% and 11%, respectively, compared to the cities with the lowest PM concentrations. This study showed that moderate-term exposure (12 week observation period) to air pollution was associated with an increased risk of URTS among children aged 3–12 years in Poland. These findings may influence public debate and future policy at the national and international levels to improve air quality in cities and improve children’s health.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Ratajczak; Artur Badyda; Piotr Czechowski; Adam Czarnecki; Michał Dubrawski; Wojciech Feleszko. Air Pollution Increases the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms among Polish Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021, 10, 2150 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Ratajczak, Artur Badyda, Piotr Czechowski, Adam Czarnecki, Michał Dubrawski, Wojciech Feleszko. Air Pollution Increases the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms among Polish Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10 (10):2150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Ratajczak; Artur Badyda; Piotr Czechowski; Adam Czarnecki; Michał Dubrawski; Wojciech Feleszko. 2021. "Air Pollution Increases the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms among Polish Children." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10: 2150.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2021 in Vaccines
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Despite research conducted worldwide, there is no treatment specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection with efficacy proven by randomized controlled trials. A chance for a breakthrough is vaccinating most of the global population. Public opinion surveys on vaccine hesitancy prompted our team to investigate Polish healthcare workers’ (HCWs) attitudes towards the SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccinations. In-person and online surveys of HCWs: doctors, nurses, medical students, and other allied health professionals (n = 419) were conducted between 14 September 2020 and 5 November 2020. In our study, 68.7% of respondents would like to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations would persuade 86.3% of hesitant and those who would refuse to be vaccinated. 3.1% of all respondents claimed that no argument would convince them to get vaccinated. 61.6% of respondents declared a willingness to receive an influenza vaccination, of which 83.3% were also inclined to receive COVID-19 vaccinations. Although most respondents—62.5% (262/419) indicated they trusted in the influenza vaccine more, more respondents intended to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in the 2020/2021 season. The study is limited by its nonrandom sample of HCWs but provides a preliminary description of attitudes towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

ACS Style

Magdalena Grochowska; Aleksandra Ratajczak; Gabriela Zdunek; Aleksander Adamiec; Paweł Waszkiewicz; Wojciech Feleszko. A Comparison of the Level of Acceptance and Hesitancy towards the Influenza Vaccine and the Forthcoming COVID-19 Vaccine in the Medical Community. Vaccines 2021, 9, 475 .

AMA Style

Magdalena Grochowska, Aleksandra Ratajczak, Gabriela Zdunek, Aleksander Adamiec, Paweł Waszkiewicz, Wojciech Feleszko. A Comparison of the Level of Acceptance and Hesitancy towards the Influenza Vaccine and the Forthcoming COVID-19 Vaccine in the Medical Community. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (5):475.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Grochowska; Aleksandra Ratajczak; Gabriela Zdunek; Aleksander Adamiec; Paweł Waszkiewicz; Wojciech Feleszko. 2021. "A Comparison of the Level of Acceptance and Hesitancy towards the Influenza Vaccine and the Forthcoming COVID-19 Vaccine in the Medical Community." Vaccines 9, no. 5: 475.

Original article
Published: 20 February 2021 in Allergy
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Background The interplay between COVID‐19 pandemic and asthma in children is still unclear. We evaluated the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on childhood asthma outcomes. Methods The PeARL multinational cohort included 1,054 children with asthma and 505 non‐asthmatic children aged between 4 and 18 years from 25 pediatric departments, from 15 countries globally. We compared the frequency of acute respiratory and febrile presentations during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic between groups and with data available from the previous year. In children with asthma, we also compared current and historical disease control. Results During the pandemic, children with asthma experienced fewer upper respiratory tract infections, episodes of pyrexia, emergency visits, hospital admissions, asthma attacks, and hospitalizations due to asthma, in comparison with the preceding year. Sixty‐six percent of asthmatic children had improved asthma control while in 33% the improvement exceeded the minimal clinically important difference. Pre‐bronchodilatation FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate were improved during the pandemic. When compared to non‐asthmatic controls, children with asthma were not at increased risk of LRTIs, episodes of pyrexia, emergency visits, or hospitalizations during the pandemic. However, an increased risk of URTIs emerged. Conclusion Childhood asthma outcomes, including control, were improved during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic, probably because of reduced exposure to asthma triggers and increased treatment adherence. The decreased frequency of acute episodes does not support the notion that childhood asthma may be a risk factor for COVID‐19. Furthermore, the potential for improving childhood asthma outcomes through environmental control becomes apparent.

ACS Style

Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos; Alexander G. Mathioudakis; Adnan Custovic; Antoine Deschildre; Wanda Phipatanakul; Gary Wong; Paraskevi Xepapadaki; Rola Abou‐Taam; Ioana Agache; Jose A. Castro‐Rodriguez; Zhimin Chen; Pierrick Cros; Jean‐Christophe Dubus; Zeinab Awad El‐Sayed; Rasha El‐Owaidy; Wojciech Feleszko; Vincenzo Fierro; Alessandro Fiocchi; Luis Garcia‐Marcos; Anne Goh; Elham M. Hossny; Yunuen R. Huerta Villalobos; Tuomas Jartti; Pascal Le Roux; Julia Levina; Aida Inés López García; Ángel Mazón Ramos; Mário Morais‐Almeida; Clare Murray; Karthik Nagaraju; Major K. Nagaraju; Elsy Maureen Navarrete Rodriguez; Leyla Namazova‐Baranova; Antonio Nieto Garcia; Cesar Fireth Pozo Beltrán; Thanaporn Ratchataswan; Daniela Rivero Yeverino; Eréndira Rodríguez Zagal; Cyril E. Schweitzer; Marleena Tulkki; Katarzyna Wasilczuk; Dan Xu; Anna Alekseeva; Bethan Almeida; Maud Andre; Polina Arimova; Aurore Blonde; Amparito Cunningham; Sofia Da Mota; Kamilla Efendieva; Vera Kalugina; Sébastien Kiefer; Anais Klein; Chrystopherson Gengyny Caballero López; Juan Jesús Ríos López; Caroline Moratellti; Miguel Fuentes Pérez; Meryl Simermann; José Sergio Papaqui Tapia; Aurelie Tatopoulos; Elena Vishneva; Κonstantin Volkov; Leonard Bacharier; Matteo Bonini; Timothy Craig; Zuzana Diamant; Francine M Ducharme; James E. Gern; Jonathan Grigg; Eckard H Hamelmann; Gunilla Hedlin; Omer Kalayci; Alan Kaplan; Jon Konradsen; Piotr Kuna; Susanne Lau; Peter Le Souef; Robert F Lemanske; Mika J Makela; Paolo M Matricardi; René‐Maximiliano Gómez; Michael Miligkos; Paulo MC Pitrez; David Price; Petr Pohunek; Graham C Roberts; Aziz Sheikh; Ioanna Tsiligianni; Steve Turner; Arunas Valiulis; Tonya Winders; Osman M Yusuf; Heather Zar; on behalf of the PeARL Think Tank PeARL collaborators. Childhood asthma outcomes during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Findings from the PeARL multi‐national cohort. Allergy 2021, 76, 1765 -1775.

AMA Style

Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Adnan Custovic, Antoine Deschildre, Wanda Phipatanakul, Gary Wong, Paraskevi Xepapadaki, Rola Abou‐Taam, Ioana Agache, Jose A. Castro‐Rodriguez, Zhimin Chen, Pierrick Cros, Jean‐Christophe Dubus, Zeinab Awad El‐Sayed, Rasha El‐Owaidy, Wojciech Feleszko, Vincenzo Fierro, Alessandro Fiocchi, Luis Garcia‐Marcos, Anne Goh, Elham M. Hossny, Yunuen R. Huerta Villalobos, Tuomas Jartti, Pascal Le Roux, Julia Levina, Aida Inés López García, Ángel Mazón Ramos, Mário Morais‐Almeida, Clare Murray, Karthik Nagaraju, Major K. Nagaraju, Elsy Maureen Navarrete Rodriguez, Leyla Namazova‐Baranova, Antonio Nieto Garcia, Cesar Fireth Pozo Beltrán, Thanaporn Ratchataswan, Daniela Rivero Yeverino, Eréndira Rodríguez Zagal, Cyril E. Schweitzer, Marleena Tulkki, Katarzyna Wasilczuk, Dan Xu, Anna Alekseeva, Bethan Almeida, Maud Andre, Polina Arimova, Aurore Blonde, Amparito Cunningham, Sofia Da Mota, Kamilla Efendieva, Vera Kalugina, Sébastien Kiefer, Anais Klein, Chrystopherson Gengyny Caballero López, Juan Jesús Ríos López, Caroline Moratellti, Miguel Fuentes Pérez, Meryl Simermann, José Sergio Papaqui Tapia, Aurelie Tatopoulos, Elena Vishneva, Κonstantin Volkov, Leonard Bacharier, Matteo Bonini, Timothy Craig, Zuzana Diamant, Francine M Ducharme, James E. Gern, Jonathan Grigg, Eckard H Hamelmann, Gunilla Hedlin, Omer Kalayci, Alan Kaplan, Jon Konradsen, Piotr Kuna, Susanne Lau, Peter Le Souef, Robert F Lemanske, Mika J Makela, Paolo M Matricardi, René‐Maximiliano Gómez, Michael Miligkos, Paulo MC Pitrez, David Price, Petr Pohunek, Graham C Roberts, Aziz Sheikh, Ioanna Tsiligianni, Steve Turner, Arunas Valiulis, Tonya Winders, Osman M Yusuf, Heather Zar, on behalf of the PeARL Think Tank PeARL collaborators. Childhood asthma outcomes during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Findings from the PeARL multi‐national cohort. Allergy. 2021; 76 (6):1765-1775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos; Alexander G. Mathioudakis; Adnan Custovic; Antoine Deschildre; Wanda Phipatanakul; Gary Wong; Paraskevi Xepapadaki; Rola Abou‐Taam; Ioana Agache; Jose A. Castro‐Rodriguez; Zhimin Chen; Pierrick Cros; Jean‐Christophe Dubus; Zeinab Awad El‐Sayed; Rasha El‐Owaidy; Wojciech Feleszko; Vincenzo Fierro; Alessandro Fiocchi; Luis Garcia‐Marcos; Anne Goh; Elham M. Hossny; Yunuen R. Huerta Villalobos; Tuomas Jartti; Pascal Le Roux; Julia Levina; Aida Inés López García; Ángel Mazón Ramos; Mário Morais‐Almeida; Clare Murray; Karthik Nagaraju; Major K. Nagaraju; Elsy Maureen Navarrete Rodriguez; Leyla Namazova‐Baranova; Antonio Nieto Garcia; Cesar Fireth Pozo Beltrán; Thanaporn Ratchataswan; Daniela Rivero Yeverino; Eréndira Rodríguez Zagal; Cyril E. Schweitzer; Marleena Tulkki; Katarzyna Wasilczuk; Dan Xu; Anna Alekseeva; Bethan Almeida; Maud Andre; Polina Arimova; Aurore Blonde; Amparito Cunningham; Sofia Da Mota; Kamilla Efendieva; Vera Kalugina; Sébastien Kiefer; Anais Klein; Chrystopherson Gengyny Caballero López; Juan Jesús Ríos López; Caroline Moratellti; Miguel Fuentes Pérez; Meryl Simermann; José Sergio Papaqui Tapia; Aurelie Tatopoulos; Elena Vishneva; Κonstantin Volkov; Leonard Bacharier; Matteo Bonini; Timothy Craig; Zuzana Diamant; Francine M Ducharme; James E. Gern; Jonathan Grigg; Eckard H Hamelmann; Gunilla Hedlin; Omer Kalayci; Alan Kaplan; Jon Konradsen; Piotr Kuna; Susanne Lau; Peter Le Souef; Robert F Lemanske; Mika J Makela; Paolo M Matricardi; René‐Maximiliano Gómez; Michael Miligkos; Paulo MC Pitrez; David Price; Petr Pohunek; Graham C Roberts; Aziz Sheikh; Ioanna Tsiligianni; Steve Turner; Arunas Valiulis; Tonya Winders; Osman M Yusuf; Heather Zar; on behalf of the PeARL Think Tank PeARL collaborators. 2021. "Childhood asthma outcomes during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Findings from the PeARL multi‐national cohort." Allergy 76, no. 6: 1765-1775.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Vaccines
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Background: If globally implemented, a safe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination program will have broad clinical and socioeconomic benefits. However, individuals who anticipate that the coronavirus vaccine will bring life back to normality may be disappointed, due to the emerging antivaccination attitude within the general population. Methods: We surveyed a sample of adult Polish citizens (n = 1066), and compared it with the data on international COVID-19 vaccine reluctance. Results: In 20 national surveys, the vaccine averseness for the anticipated COVID-19 vaccine varied from meager (2–6% China) to very high (43%, Czech Republic, and 44%, Turkey) and in most countries was much higher than regular vaccination reluctance, which varies between 3% (Egypt) and 55% (Russia). Conclusions: These results suggest that a 67% herd immunity may be possible only if mandatory preventive vaccination programs start early and are combined with coordinated education efforts supported by legislative power and social campaigns.

ACS Style

Wojciech Feleszko; Piotr Lewulis; Adam Czarnecki; Paweł Waszkiewicz. Flattening the Curve of COVID-19 Vaccine Rejection—An International Overview. Vaccines 2021, 9, 44 .

AMA Style

Wojciech Feleszko, Piotr Lewulis, Adam Czarnecki, Paweł Waszkiewicz. Flattening the Curve of COVID-19 Vaccine Rejection—An International Overview. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (1):44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wojciech Feleszko; Piotr Lewulis; Adam Czarnecki; Paweł Waszkiewicz. 2021. "Flattening the Curve of COVID-19 Vaccine Rejection—An International Overview." Vaccines 9, no. 1: 44.

Review
Published: 27 November 2020 in European Respiratory Review
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Wheezing and asthma are a growing cause of morbidity in children and adults. Treatment is aimed at prevention of disease exacerbations and preservation of lung function. Respiratory viruses are involved in ∼40–60% of exacerbations. Bacterial lysates prevent recurrent respiratory tract infections and might reduce exacerbations. Moreover, immunomodulatory effects have been observed in human and animal studies. Here we aimed to assess the effects of bacterial lysate therapy on preschool wheezing episodes and asthma exacerbation frequency. We performed a systematic literature review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and a meta-analysis using Cochrane Review Manager. Out of 2016 retrieved articles, 22 studies were included, of which five provided sufficient data for a meta-analysis.The use of bacterial lysates showed a decrease of both wheezing episodes (mean difference −2.35 (−3.03– −1.67), pThese favourable effects of bacterial lysates indicate that they show promise as add-on therapy in preschool wheezing and childhood asthma.

ACS Style

Geertje Maria De Boer; Jakub Żółkiewicz; Konrad Piotr Strzelec; Marek Ruszczyński; Rudi W. Hendriks; Gert-Jan Braunstahl; Wojciech Feleszko; Gerdien. A. Tramper-Stranders. Bacterial lysate therapy for the prevention of wheezing episodes and asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Respiratory Review 2020, 29, 190175 .

AMA Style

Geertje Maria De Boer, Jakub Żółkiewicz, Konrad Piotr Strzelec, Marek Ruszczyński, Rudi W. Hendriks, Gert-Jan Braunstahl, Wojciech Feleszko, Gerdien. A. Tramper-Stranders. Bacterial lysate therapy for the prevention of wheezing episodes and asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Respiratory Review. 2020; 29 (158):190175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geertje Maria De Boer; Jakub Żółkiewicz; Konrad Piotr Strzelec; Marek Ruszczyński; Rudi W. Hendriks; Gert-Jan Braunstahl; Wojciech Feleszko; Gerdien. A. Tramper-Stranders. 2020. "Bacterial lysate therapy for the prevention of wheezing episodes and asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis." European Respiratory Review 29, no. 158: 190175.

Review
Published: 22 November 2020 in Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
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Preschool wheeze is highly prevalent; 30‐50 % of children have wheezed at least once before age six. Wheezing is not a disorder; it is a symptom of obstruction in the airways, and it is essential to identify the correct diagnosis behind this symptom. An increasing number of studies provide evidence for novel diagnostic tools for monitoring and predicting asthma in the pediatric population. Several techniques are available to measure airway obstruction and airway inflammation, including spirometry, impulse oscillometry, whole‐body plethysmography, bronchial hyperresponsiveness test, multiple breath washout test, measurements of exhaled NO, and analyses of various other biomarkers. This systematic review will cover the main lung function and biomarker techniques used in preschool children to diagnose and monitor airway obstruction and shed light on promising new techniques used in research for measuring airway inflammation. The difficulty of measuring lung function and the lack of large randomized controlled trials makes it difficult to establish guidelines for monitoring asthma in preschool children. If applicable, measuring FEV1 using spirometry is considered useful. For those unable to perform spirometry, whole‐body plethysmography and IOS may be useful. Bronchial reversibility to beta2‐agonist and hyperresponsiveness test with running exercise challenge may improve the sensitivity of these tests.

ACS Style

Varpu Elenius; Bo Chawes; Pekka L. Malmberg; Aleksander Adamiec; Marek Ruszczyński; Wojciech Feleszko; Tuomas Jartti; Eaaci Preschool Wheeze Task Force For Diagnostics Of Preschool Wheeze. Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2020, 32, 501 -513.

AMA Style

Varpu Elenius, Bo Chawes, Pekka L. Malmberg, Aleksander Adamiec, Marek Ruszczyński, Wojciech Feleszko, Tuomas Jartti, Eaaci Preschool Wheeze Task Force For Diagnostics Of Preschool Wheeze. Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2020; 32 (3):501-513.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Varpu Elenius; Bo Chawes; Pekka L. Malmberg; Aleksander Adamiec; Marek Ruszczyński; Wojciech Feleszko; Tuomas Jartti; Eaaci Preschool Wheeze Task Force For Diagnostics Of Preschool Wheeze. 2020. "Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 32, no. 3: 501-513.

Review
Published: 17 November 2020 in Microorganisms
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In healthy infants and young children, the development of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is extremely common. In this paper, we present an international consensus of the available approaches for the prevention of recurrent RTIs in children, including the atopic/allergic ones as well as those with asthma. Few convincing measures for reducing the frequency and clinical relevance of recurrent respiratory episodes in RTI-prone children have been developed until now. Among the most recently suggested measures, immunotherapy is attractive, but only for OM-85 is there a sufficient number of well-conducted clinical trials confirming efficacy in RTIs prevention with an adequate safety profile. In the case of probiotics, it is not clear which bacteria can offer the best results and which dosage and schedule of administration are the most effective. The problems of dosage and the schedule of administration are not solved also for vitamin D, despite some promising efficacy results. While we wait for new knowledge, the elimination or reduction as much as possible of the environmental factors that favor RTIs, vaccination when available and/or indicated, and the systematic application of the traditional methods for infection prevention, such as hand washing, remain the best measures to prevent recurrent infections in RTI-prone children.

ACS Style

Susanna Esposito; Marcus Herbert Jones; Wojciech Feleszko; José A. Ortega Martell; Oana Falup-Pecurariu; Natalia Geppe; Federico Martinón-Torres; Kun-Ling Shen; Michael Roth; Nicola Principi. Prevention of New Respiratory Episodes in Children with Recurrent Respiratory Infections: An Expert Consensus Statement. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1810 .

AMA Style

Susanna Esposito, Marcus Herbert Jones, Wojciech Feleszko, José A. Ortega Martell, Oana Falup-Pecurariu, Natalia Geppe, Federico Martinón-Torres, Kun-Ling Shen, Michael Roth, Nicola Principi. Prevention of New Respiratory Episodes in Children with Recurrent Respiratory Infections: An Expert Consensus Statement. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (11):1810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susanna Esposito; Marcus Herbert Jones; Wojciech Feleszko; José A. Ortega Martell; Oana Falup-Pecurariu; Natalia Geppe; Federico Martinón-Torres; Kun-Ling Shen; Michael Roth; Nicola Principi. 2020. "Prevention of New Respiratory Episodes in Children with Recurrent Respiratory Infections: An Expert Consensus Statement." Microorganisms 8, no. 11: 1810.

Correspondence
Published: 27 October 2020 in Allergy
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Tuomas Jartti; Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos; Wojciech Feleszko; Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. Reply to: Medical algorithm: Diagnosis and treatment of preschool asthma. Allergy 2020, 75, 2716 -2717.

AMA Style

Tuomas Jartti, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Wojciech Feleszko, Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. Reply to: Medical algorithm: Diagnosis and treatment of preschool asthma. Allergy. 2020; 75 (10):2716-2717.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tuomas Jartti; Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos; Wojciech Feleszko; Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. 2020. "Reply to: Medical algorithm: Diagnosis and treatment of preschool asthma." Allergy 75, no. 10: 2716-2717.

Review
Published: 20 August 2020 in Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
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Background Asthma‐like symptoms in preschool children, such as wheezing and dyspnea,are common time‐, and resource‐consuming diagnostic and management challenges. Quality of wheezing and asthma recommendations vary. The purpose of this study, carried out by the EAACI Task Force for Preschool Wheeze, was to systematically review and assess the quality of guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of preschool wheezing and/or asthma. Methods The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched untilJune 2018. The methodological rigor, quality, and transparency of relevant guidelines were assessed with the use of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) tool. Results We identified 26 guidelines. The quality scores for each domain varied. Of all domains, clarity and presentation had the highest mean score, whereas applicability and stakeholder involvement had the lowest.The scores (median) for individual domains were as follows: Score and purpose 86%; Stakeholder involvement 49%; Rigor of development 54%; Clarity of presentation 85%; Applicability 51%; and Editorial independence 63%. Conclusion Although several guidelines on asthma management in children are available; however, their quality varies. Additionally, there is a considerable gap in reliable recommendations on the management and treatment of non‐asthmatic preschool wheeze.

ACS Style

Marek Ruszczyński; Dominika Ambrożej; Aleksander Adamiec; Klaudia Ryczaj; Varpu Elenius; Ozlem Cavkaytar; Paraskevi Maggina; Heidi Makrinioti; Nikolaos Papadopoulos; Gunilla Hedlin; Jon R. Konradsen; Bianca Schaub; Hermelijn Smits; Tuomas Jartti; Wojciech Feleszko; Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. Preschool wheezing and asthma in children: A systematic review of guidelines and quality appraisal with the AGREE II instrument. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2020, 32, 92 -105.

AMA Style

Marek Ruszczyński, Dominika Ambrożej, Aleksander Adamiec, Klaudia Ryczaj, Varpu Elenius, Ozlem Cavkaytar, Paraskevi Maggina, Heidi Makrinioti, Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Gunilla Hedlin, Jon R. Konradsen, Bianca Schaub, Hermelijn Smits, Tuomas Jartti, Wojciech Feleszko, Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. Preschool wheezing and asthma in children: A systematic review of guidelines and quality appraisal with the AGREE II instrument. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2020; 32 (1):92-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marek Ruszczyński; Dominika Ambrożej; Aleksander Adamiec; Klaudia Ryczaj; Varpu Elenius; Ozlem Cavkaytar; Paraskevi Maggina; Heidi Makrinioti; Nikolaos Papadopoulos; Gunilla Hedlin; Jon R. Konradsen; Bianca Schaub; Hermelijn Smits; Tuomas Jartti; Wojciech Feleszko; Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. 2020. "Preschool wheezing and asthma in children: A systematic review of guidelines and quality appraisal with the AGREE II instrument." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 32, no. 1: 92-105.

Review
Published: 10 August 2020 in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
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Dominika Ambrożej; Katarzyna Kunkiel; Karolina Dumycz; Wojciech Feleszko. The use of probiotics and bacteria-derived preparations in topical treatment of atopic dermatitis—A systematic review. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2020, 9, 570 -575.e2.

AMA Style

Dominika Ambrożej, Katarzyna Kunkiel, Karolina Dumycz, Wojciech Feleszko. The use of probiotics and bacteria-derived preparations in topical treatment of atopic dermatitis—A systematic review. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2020; 9 (1):570-575.e2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominika Ambrożej; Katarzyna Kunkiel; Karolina Dumycz; Wojciech Feleszko. 2020. "The use of probiotics and bacteria-derived preparations in topical treatment of atopic dermatitis—A systematic review." The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 9, no. 1: 570-575.e2.

Review
Published: 23 July 2020 in Nutrients
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As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to alter the gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Postbiotics include any substance released by or produced through the metabolic activity of the microorganism, which exerts a beneficial effect on the host, directly or indirectly. As postbiotics do not contain live microorganisms, the risks associated with their intake are minimized. Here, we provided a critical review of postbiotics described in the literature, including their mechanisms of action, clinical characteristics, and potential therapeutic applications. We detailed the pleiotropic effects of postbiotics, including their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Although the use of postbiotics is an attractive strategy for altering the microbiome, further study into its efficacy and safety is warranted.

ACS Style

Jakub Żółkiewicz; Aleksandra Marzec; Marek Ruszczyński; Wojciech Feleszko. Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2189 .

AMA Style

Jakub Żółkiewicz, Aleksandra Marzec, Marek Ruszczyński, Wojciech Feleszko. Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (8):2189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jakub Żółkiewicz; Aleksandra Marzec; Marek Ruszczyński; Wojciech Feleszko. 2020. "Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics." Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2189.

Eaaci position paper
Published: 25 June 2020 in Allergy
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With the worldwide spread of the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) resulting in declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, the SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) has become one of the main challenges of our times. The high infection rate and the severe disease course led to major safety and social restriction measures worldwide. There is an urgent need of unbiased expert knowledge guiding the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies. This report summarizes current immunological data on mechanisms associated with the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 development and progression to the most severe forms. We characterize the differences between adequate innate and adaptive immune response in mild disease and the deep immune dysfunction in the severe multi‐organ disease. The similarities of the human immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and the SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV are underlined. We also summarize known and potential SARS‐CoV‐2 receptors on epithelial barriers, immune cells, endothelium and clinically involved organs such as lung, gut, kidney, cardiovascular and neuronal system. Finally, we discuss the known and potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of comorbidities, gender and age in development of COVID‐19. Consequently, we highlight the knowledge gaps and urgent research requirements to provide a quick roadmap for ongoing and needed COVID‐19 studies.

ACS Style

Milena Sokolowska; Zuzanna M. Lukasik; Ioana Agache; Cezmi A. Akdis; Deniz Akdis; Mübeccel Akdis; Weronika Barcik; Helen A. Brough; Thomas Eiwegger; Andrzej Eljaszewicz; Stefanie Eyerich; Wojciech Feleszko; Cristina Gomez‐Casado; Karin Hoffmann‐Sommergruber; Jozef Janda; Rodrigo Jiménez‐Saiz; Marek Jutel; Edward F. Knol; Inge Kortekaas Krohn; Akash Kothari; Joanna Makowska; Marcin Moniuszko; Hideaki Morita; Liam O'mahony; Kari Nadeau; Cevdet Ozdemir; Isabella Pali‐Schöll; Oscar Palomares; Francesco Papaleo; Mary Prunicki; Carsten B. Schmidt‐Weber; Anna Sediva; Jürgen Schwarze; Mohamed H. Shamji; Gerdien A. Tramper‐Stranders; Willem Veen; Eva Untersmayr. Immunology of COVID‐19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives—A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Allergy 2020, 75, 2445 -2476.

AMA Style

Milena Sokolowska, Zuzanna M. Lukasik, Ioana Agache, Cezmi A. Akdis, Deniz Akdis, Mübeccel Akdis, Weronika Barcik, Helen A. Brough, Thomas Eiwegger, Andrzej Eljaszewicz, Stefanie Eyerich, Wojciech Feleszko, Cristina Gomez‐Casado, Karin Hoffmann‐Sommergruber, Jozef Janda, Rodrigo Jiménez‐Saiz, Marek Jutel, Edward F. Knol, Inge Kortekaas Krohn, Akash Kothari, Joanna Makowska, Marcin Moniuszko, Hideaki Morita, Liam O'mahony, Kari Nadeau, Cevdet Ozdemir, Isabella Pali‐Schöll, Oscar Palomares, Francesco Papaleo, Mary Prunicki, Carsten B. Schmidt‐Weber, Anna Sediva, Jürgen Schwarze, Mohamed H. Shamji, Gerdien A. Tramper‐Stranders, Willem Veen, Eva Untersmayr. Immunology of COVID‐19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives—A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Allergy. 2020; 75 (10):2445-2476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milena Sokolowska; Zuzanna M. Lukasik; Ioana Agache; Cezmi A. Akdis; Deniz Akdis; Mübeccel Akdis; Weronika Barcik; Helen A. Brough; Thomas Eiwegger; Andrzej Eljaszewicz; Stefanie Eyerich; Wojciech Feleszko; Cristina Gomez‐Casado; Karin Hoffmann‐Sommergruber; Jozef Janda; Rodrigo Jiménez‐Saiz; Marek Jutel; Edward F. Knol; Inge Kortekaas Krohn; Akash Kothari; Joanna Makowska; Marcin Moniuszko; Hideaki Morita; Liam O'mahony; Kari Nadeau; Cevdet Ozdemir; Isabella Pali‐Schöll; Oscar Palomares; Francesco Papaleo; Mary Prunicki; Carsten B. Schmidt‐Weber; Anna Sediva; Jürgen Schwarze; Mohamed H. Shamji; Gerdien A. Tramper‐Stranders; Willem Veen; Eva Untersmayr. 2020. "Immunology of COVID‐19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives—A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)." Allergy 75, no. 10: 2445-2476.

Correspondence
Published: 29 May 2020 in Allergy
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ACS Style

Tuomas Jartti; Hermelijn H. Smits; Klaus Bønnelykke; Ozlem Cavkaytar; Varpu Elenius; Jon R. Konradsen; Heidi Makrinioti; Jakob Stokholm; Gunilla Hedlin; Nikolaos Papadopoulos; Marek Ruszczynski; Klaudia Ryczaj; Bianca Schaub; Jürgen Schwarze; Wojciech Feleszko; Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. Correspondence to “Bronchiolitis needs a revisit: Distinguishing between virus entities and their treatments”. Allergy 2020, 75, 1529 -1530.

AMA Style

Tuomas Jartti, Hermelijn H. Smits, Klaus Bønnelykke, Ozlem Cavkaytar, Varpu Elenius, Jon R. Konradsen, Heidi Makrinioti, Jakob Stokholm, Gunilla Hedlin, Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Marek Ruszczynski, Klaudia Ryczaj, Bianca Schaub, Jürgen Schwarze, Wojciech Feleszko, Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. Correspondence to “Bronchiolitis needs a revisit: Distinguishing between virus entities and their treatments”. Allergy. 2020; 75 (6):1529-1530.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tuomas Jartti; Hermelijn H. Smits; Klaus Bønnelykke; Ozlem Cavkaytar; Varpu Elenius; Jon R. Konradsen; Heidi Makrinioti; Jakob Stokholm; Gunilla Hedlin; Nikolaos Papadopoulos; Marek Ruszczynski; Klaudia Ryczaj; Bianca Schaub; Jürgen Schwarze; Wojciech Feleszko; Eaaci Task Force On Clinical Practice Recommendations On Preschool Wheeze. 2020. "Correspondence to “Bronchiolitis needs a revisit: Distinguishing between virus entities and their treatments”." Allergy 75, no. 6: 1529-1530.

Correspondence
Published: 24 May 2020 in Allergologia et Immunopathologia
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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common skin disease among pediatric patients, which affects up to 20% of children worldwide. Characterized by pruritus and eczema, it is also associated with improper skin barrier function and allergen sensitization. Here, we aimed to assess the presence of haptens in emollients marketed in two European countries: in Poland and Spain, as, firstly, these products are considered to be AD's basic therapy, and, secondly, frequent application of potent sensitizers on atopic skin may result in contact dermatitis. We systematically searched for moisturizers explicitly described as “Atopic skin care” products in the most frequently visited online pharmacies in Poland and Spain. Subsequently, we created a database of all products and compared their composition with 139 contact haptens listed in the European Baseline Series (EBS), Fragrance and Cosmetic Series. As of December 2018, our list comprised 159 and 111 emollients available on the Polish and Spanish markets, respectively. There were no ingredients listed in 28 (17.5%) products in Poland and 24 (21.6%) in Spain. Only 23 (17.5%) and 13 (14.8%) products were hapten free. The pattern of most common haptens was similar in both countries, including phenoxyethanol, tocopherol and tocopheryl acetate, undefined parfum in Poland and tocopherol, phenoxyethanol, tocopheryl acetate and undefined parfum in Spain. This study shows that a vast majority of products taken into consideration contain at least one potential contact hapten. These findings indicate a need for patient education about potentially allergenic ingredients and stronger cooperation between academia and cosmetic manufacturers.

ACS Style

K. Kunkiel; M. Sojewska; W. Feleszko. Contact haptens in emollients marketed in two European countries (Poland and Spain). Allergologia et Immunopathologia 2020, 48, 814 -818.

AMA Style

K. Kunkiel, M. Sojewska, W. Feleszko. Contact haptens in emollients marketed in two European countries (Poland and Spain). Allergologia et Immunopathologia. 2020; 48 (6):814-818.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Kunkiel; M. Sojewska; W. Feleszko. 2020. "Contact haptens in emollients marketed in two European countries (Poland and Spain)." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 48, no. 6: 814-818.

Review
Published: 17 April 2020 in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine
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Introduction: The prevalence of chronic inflammatory airway diseases is rising. Their treatment with corticosteroids increases infection risk, while overuse of antimicrobial agents may increase morbidity and antimicrobial resistance. Non-specific immunomodulatory compounds alter immune responses to both infectious and atopic challenges. These compounds may offer an alternative approach for symptom reduction and prophylaxis against both infections and exacerbations in chronic inflammatory airway disease. Areas covered: We assessed the available data on the efficacy of non-specific immunomodulators including bacterial lysates, synthetic compounds, and vaccines in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS); allergic and non-allergic rhinitis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma. A search of PubMed was carried out using the ‘Clinical Trials’ filter for each condition and immunomodulatory product detailed below, where available, data from meta-analyses were reported. Expert opinion: Pre-clinical data has revealed a coherent mechanistic path of action for oral immunomodulators on the respiratory immune system, principally via the gut-lung immune axis. In patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis, CRS, and COPD immunomodulatory therapy reduces symptoms, exacerbations, hospitalizations, and drug consumption. However, data are heterogeneous, and study quality remains limited. A lack of high-quality recent trials remains the major unmet research need in the field.

ACS Style

Wojciech Feleszko; Giovanni A. Rossi; Rafal Krenke; G. Walter Canonica; Laura Van Gerven; Oleg Kalyuzhin. Immunoactive preparations and regulatory responses in the respiratory tract: potential for clinical application in chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 2020, 14, 603 -619.

AMA Style

Wojciech Feleszko, Giovanni A. Rossi, Rafal Krenke, G. Walter Canonica, Laura Van Gerven, Oleg Kalyuzhin. Immunoactive preparations and regulatory responses in the respiratory tract: potential for clinical application in chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 2020; 14 (6):603-619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wojciech Feleszko; Giovanni A. Rossi; Rafal Krenke; G. Walter Canonica; Laura Van Gerven; Oleg Kalyuzhin. 2020. "Immunoactive preparations and regulatory responses in the respiratory tract: potential for clinical application in chronic inflammatory airway diseases." Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 14, no. 6: 603-619.

Review
Published: 27 January 2020 in Seminars in Immunopathology
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Respiratory viral infections are the most important triggers of asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus (RV), the common cold virus, is clearly the most prevalent pathogen constantly circulating in the community. This virus also stands out from other viral factors due to its large diversity (about 170 genotypes), very effective replication, a tendency to create Th2-biased inflammatory environment and association with specific risk genes in people predisposed to asthma development (CDHR3). Decreased interferon responses, disrupted airway epithelial barrier, environmental exposures (including biased airway microbiome), and nutritional deficiencies (low in vitamin D and fish oil) increase risk to RV and other virus infections. It is intensively debated whether viral illnesses actually cause asthma. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading causative agent of bronchiolitis, whereas RV starts to dominate after 1 year of age. Breathing difficulty induced by either of these viruses is associated with later asthma, but the risk is higher for those who suffer from severe RV-induced wheezing. The asthma development associated with these viruses has unique mechanisms, but in general, RV is a risk factor for later atopic asthma, whereas RSV is more likely associated with later non-atopic asthma. Treatments that inhibit inflammation (corticosteroids, omalizumab) effectively decrease RV-induced wheezing and asthma exacerbations. The anti-RSV monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, decreases the risk of severe RSV illness and subsequent recurrent wheeze. A better understanding of personal and environmental risk factors and inflammatory mechanisms leading to asthma is crucial in developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of asthma.

ACS Style

Tuomas Jartti; Klaus Bønnelykke; Varpu Elenius; Wojciech Feleszko. Role of viruses in asthma. Seminars in Immunopathology 2020, 42, 61 -74.

AMA Style

Tuomas Jartti, Klaus Bønnelykke, Varpu Elenius, Wojciech Feleszko. Role of viruses in asthma. Seminars in Immunopathology. 2020; 42 (1):61-74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tuomas Jartti; Klaus Bønnelykke; Varpu Elenius; Wojciech Feleszko. 2020. "Role of viruses in asthma." Seminars in Immunopathology 42, no. 1: 61-74.