Electric vehicles (EVs) must be used as the primary mode of transportation as part of the gradual transition to more environmentally friendly clean energy technology and cleaner power sources. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has the potential to improve electricity demand, control load variability, and improve the sustainability of smart grids. The operation and principles of V2G and its varieties, the present classifications and types of EVs sold on the market, applicable policies for V2G and business strategy, implementation challenges, and current problem-solving techniques have not been thoroughly examined. This paper exposes the research gap in the V2G area and more accurately portrays the present difficulties and future potential in V2G deployment globally. The investigation starts by discussing the advantages of the V2G system and the necessary regulations and commercial representations implemented in the last decade, followed by a description of the V2G technology, charging communication standards, issues related to V2G and EV batteries, and potential solutions. A few major issues were brought to light by this investigation, including the lack of a transparent business model for V2G, the absence of stakeholder involvement and government subsidies, the excessive strain that V2G places on EV batteries, the lack of adequate bidirectional charging and standards, the introduction of harmonic voltage and current into the grid, and the potential for unethical and unscheduled V2G practices. The results of recent studies and publications from international organizations were altered to offer potential answers to these research constraints and, in some cases, to highlight the need for further investigation. V2G holds enormous potential, but the plan first needs a lot of financing, teamwork, and technological development.

Due to the nonlinear property of the PV panels, there are a few significant restrictions and limitations in the PV solar system. The PV panels always have to depend on environmental conditions such as temperature and solar radiation to generate efficient power. This paper proposed an optimum control system that can handle the uncertainties and nonlinearities of any system by using the Fuzzy Logic Control system (FLC). The proposed system utilized an FLC system for a DC-DC boost converter, tracking the PV panel’s maximum power point (MPPT). A PI control system is also used to maintain the continuous power supply for an optimum battery charging system for the DC-DC Buck converter. The goal is to provide constant voltage and appropriate current for charging the battery. It will increase the system efficiency and reduce the losses. It would also increase the battery life cycle and help the battery to charge fast. There are several MPPT methods found in the literature. The FLC can make a precise decision by considering the environmental state of the system. It can get a response to nonlinear environmental conditions instantly. The proposed system yielded an expected accuracy of 92% to 96%, with a system efficiency of 76% to 83%. Besides, it does not require any knowledge about the system since it is a rule-based system. The entire system has been designed in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results have been analyzed under 9 environmental states in a 1.0 s period. ABSTRAK: Berdasarkan struktur tak linear panel PV, terdapat beberapa faktor kekangan yang jelas dan had tertentu dalam sistem solar PV. Panel PV selalunya sering bergantung kepada kondisi persekitaran seperti suhu dan radiasi solar bagi menghasilkan tenaga optimum. Kajian ini mencadangkan sistem kawalan optimum yang dapat mengawal ketidaktentuan dan ketidak linearan apa-apa sistem menggunakan sistem Kawalan Logik Fuzi (FLC). Sistem yang dicadangkan ini menggunakan sistem FLC bagi penukaran penggalak DC-DC, mengesan titik tenaga maksimum panel PV (MPPT). Sistem Kawalan PI turut digunakan bagi menyediakan bekalan tenaga berterusan untuk sistem pengecas bateri optimum melalui penukaran Balik DC-DC. Matlamat adalah bagi menghasilkan voltan berterusan & arus mencukupi bagi mengecas bateri. Ia dapat meningkatkan kecekapan sistem dan mengurangkan pembaziran tenaga. Ia juga dapat meningkatkan kitaran hayat bateri dan membantu bateri mengecas dengan cepat. Terdapat beberapa kaedah MPPT dijumpai dalam kajian terdahulu. FLC dapat menghasilkan keputusan tepat dengan mengambil kira keadaan persekitaran pada sistem tersebut. Ia dapat memberi respon kepada keadaan persekitaran tak linear dengan serta merta. Sistem yang dicadangkan menghasilkan ketepatan yang dijangkakan sebanyak 92% hingga 96%, dengan kecekapan sistem sebanyak 76% hingga 83%. Selain itu, ia tidak memerlukan apa-apa pengetahuan tentang sistem tersebut kerana sistem ini berdasarkan aturan. Keseluruhan sistem dibangunkan menggunakan MATLAB/Simulink. Dapatan simulasi dikaji menggunakan 9 tahap persekitaran dalam tempoh 1.0 s.

Nowadays security and authentication are the major parts of our daily life. Iris is one of the most reliable organ or part of human body which can be used for identification and authentication purpose. To develop an iris authentication algorithm for personal identification, this paper examines two edge detection techniques for iris recognition system. Between the Sobel and the Canny edge detection techniques, the experimental result shows that the Canny's technique has better ability to detect points in a digital image where image gray level changes even at slow rate.

Nowadays, electronic wireless vehicle tracking is becoming essential for preventing car theft and emergency services in vehicle accidents. There are three types of vehicle tracking systems in the market. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Based on the working principle, these trackers are classified as cellular phone-based trackers, wireless passive trackers, and real-time satellite trackers. This paper has discussed designing and developing a vehicle tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller, GSM, and GPS modules. The proposed design is a different approach to these vehicle tracking systems. The function of the tracker is done in three steps; first, it connects the hardware components and tests the connectivity; when the secure connectivity is confirmed, it executes the write command for the connected GSM and GPS modules. Finally, it tracks the target vehicle, collects the GPS coordinates, and processes the data using the software. The proposed design has been verified by MATLAB simulation, and the results obtained are satisfactory for both simulation and practical examination.