Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on various laboratory measurements, especially hormonal and metabolic parameters, as well as clinical measurements including hirsutism and acne assessment, with consideration of different PCOS phenotypes. This study was focused mainly on the correlation between anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and other hormonal measurements. Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 296 patients with diagnosed PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria. All participants of this study underwent blood tests between the 2nd and the 6th day of their menstrual cycle. Results: In statistical analysis, a strong significant correlation of AMH with androstenedione (r = 0.48, p < 0.0001), luteinizing hormone (LH) (r = 0.45, p < 0.0001), total testosterone (r = 0.34, p < 0.0001), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (r = 0.31, p < 0.0001), and cortisol after dexamethasone (r = 0.15, p = 0.011) was observed. In addition, significant negative correlations were found with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (r = −0.21, p < 0.0001), weight (r = −0.15, p = 0.010), glucose 0′ (r = −0.14, p = 0.014), hip circumference (r = −0.14, p = 0.017), and body mass index (BMI) (r = −0.14, p = 0.018). A weak correlation with waist circumference of p = 0.06 was also observed. Conclusions: AMH serum levels showed a positive correlation with hyperandrogenism and a negative correlation with metabolic factors, although its relationship with BMI is more complex. There were no significant differences in AMH levels across the four PCOS phenotypes or when categorized into hyperandrogenic and normoandrogenic subtypes.

Background. Patellofemoral instability is a multifactorial condition influenced by anatomical abnormalities as well as soft tissue dysfunction. Distalization of the tibial tuberosity is classically reserved for patients with patella alta, typically defined by a Caton–Deschamps (CD) index >1.2. However, clinical experience suggests that certain patients with lower CD indices but distally deepening trochlear morphology may also benefit. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of tibial tuberosity osteotomy with distalization and medialization (TTO-DM) in patients with recurrent lateral patellar instability, regardless of patellar height.Materials and methods. This retrospective single-center study included 26 patients (17 females, 9 males) with recurrent patellar instability and Dejour type A, B, or C trochlear dysplasia. All demonstrated a distally deepened trochlear groove on MRI and underwent TTO-DM along with MPFL reconstruction. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 4 years (mean, 8.6 years). Outcome measures included the Kujala and Lysholm scores, radiographic assessment of the CD index and Kellgren–Lawrence grade, complications, range of motion, and pain during squatting.Results. Kujala scores improved from 60.1 18.7 to 93.8 7.1 (p < 0.0001), and Lysholm scores increased from 59.5 20.7 to 93.8 7.9 (p < 0.0001). The mean CD index decreased from 1.2 (range 1.0–1.56) to 0.88 (range 0.6–1.0) postoperatively. No patellar redislocations or progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis were observed. One superficial infection resolved with oral antibiotics, and one tibial tubercle fracture was successfully managed with plate fixation. Four patients had delayed recovery but recovered full function without long-term sequelae.Conclusion. 1. TTO-DM led to excellent functional outcomes and complete prevention of redislocation, even in patients with CD indices ≤1.2. 2. These findings suggest that surgical indications for distalization may be expanded based on trochlear morphology rather than the CD index alone. 3. Although limited by its retrospective design and small sample size, this study provides one of the longest follow-up durations, supporting this approach in patellofemoral instability management.

Objectives Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that may present with psychotic symptoms in 3–10% of cases, often preceding motor manifestations. Treating Huntington’s disease poses challenges due to the need for careful selection of medications. Case report This...