Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on various laboratory measurements, especially hormonal and metabolic parameters, as well as clinical measurements including hirsutism and acne assessment, with consideration of different PCOS phenotypes. This study was focused mainly on the correlation between anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and other hormonal measurements. Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 296 patients with diagnosed PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria. All participants of this study underwent blood tests between the 2nd and the 6th day of their menstrual cycle. Results: In statistical analysis, a strong significant correlation of AMH with androstenedione (r = 0.48, p < 0.0001), luteinizing hormone (LH) (r = 0.45, p < 0.0001), total testosterone (r = 0.34, p < 0.0001), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (r = 0.31, p < 0.0001), and cortisol after dexamethasone (r = 0.15, p = 0.011) was observed. In addition, significant negative correlations were found with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (r = −0.21, p < 0.0001), weight (r = −0.15, p = 0.010), glucose 0′ (r = −0.14, p = 0.014), hip circumference (r = −0.14, p = 0.017), and body mass index (BMI) (r = −0.14, p = 0.018). A weak correlation with waist circumference of p = 0.06 was also observed. Conclusions: AMH serum levels showed a positive correlation with hyperandrogenism and a negative correlation with metabolic factors, although its relationship with BMI is more complex. There were no significant differences in AMH levels across the four PCOS phenotypes or when categorized into hyperandrogenic and normoandrogenic subtypes.