Background: Traditional dietary assessment methods face limitations including reporting bias and scalability challenges. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for automated food classification, yet their validation in morphologically complex, non-English languages like Polish remains limited. Methods: We analyzed 1992 food items from a Polish long-term care facility (LTCF) cohort using three advanced LLMs (Claude Opus 4.5, Gemini 3 pro, and GPT-5.1-chat-latest) with two prompting strategies: a structured double-step prompt integrating NOVA and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and a simplified single-step prompt. Classifications were compared against consensus judgments from two human experts. Results: All LLMs showed high agreement with human experts (90.3–94.2%), but there were statistically significant differences in all pairwise comparisons (χ² = 1174.5–1897.1; p < 0.001). The structured prompt produced very high Recall for UNHEALTHY items at the cost of lower Specificity, whereas the simplified prompt achieved higher overall Accuracy and a more balanced Recall–Specificity profile, indicating a trade-off between strict guideline adherence and alignment with general human judgment. Conclusions: Advanced LLMs demonstrate near-expert accuracy in Polish-language dietary classification, enhancing workflow efficiency by shifting effort toward validation. Expert oversight remains essential, and multi-model consensus alongside language-specific validation can improve AI reliability in nutrition assessment.

Introduction: The scope and schedule of immunization in Poland is regulated by the Immunization Programme prepared and announced by the State Sanitary Inspector. There are two kinds of vaccines: compulsory vaccines, financed by the state budget at the disposal of the Minister of Health, and vaccines recommended by the central health authorities but financed by local governments within health policy programmes. Compulsory vaccines cover people up to 19 years of age and individuals at higher risk of infections. The public health programmes organized and financed by local governments play an important role in infectious disease control in the country. Objective: The objective of this study is to analyse health policy programmes including immunization programmes, which were developed, implemented and financed by local government units of all levels in Poland between 2016 and 2019. Material and Methods: This analysis covers data compiled by voivodes and submitted to the Minister of Health as annual information on public health tasks carried out by local government units. From the aggregate information, data on all health policy programmes conducted by individual local government units between 2016 and 2019, including immunization, were extracted and analysed. The data were obtained pursuant to the provisions of the act on access to public information. Results: In the analysed period, local government units implemented a total of 1737 health policy programmes that financed the purchase of vaccines, qualification tests for immunization and carrying out immunization by authorized medical entities. Among the vast majority of programmes, promotional activities were also implemented. Conclusions: In Poland, local governments are deeply engaged in the immunization of their citizens by organizing and financing specific health care programmes. These programmes are an essential addition to the state financial resources in infectious disease control. This engagement expresses local government maturity regarding the health needs of the population and public health measures. Communes are the most engaged units among all levels of local governments. It is probably due to close mutual communication between the people and local governments. The growing awareness of the important role of HPV immunization in the prevention of cervical cancer among local government units is reflected in the increase in the number of girls vaccinated against HPV and the increase in financial resources allocated for primary HPV prevention. The decrease in the number of people vaccinated against pneumococci may result from including pneumococcal vaccines in the compulsory immunization schedule.

Introduction and objective: The COVID-19 pandemic led to the introduction of sanitary restrictions in many countries which necessitated numerous lifestyle changes, especially in the diet. The study aimed to compare the diet and selected lifestyle elements in the Polish population during the...

Background: Unhealthy food consumption in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) contributes to poor health outcomes among residents. This study aimed to assess its prevalence, identify demographic and physical risk factors, and propose targeted interventions. Methods: A mixed-methods study (2017–2021) analyzed data from 1000 Polish LTCF residents (aged 35–105 years). Anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance analyses, dietary assessments, and physical activity records were collected. Food items were classified as “healthy” or “unhealthy” using an AI-based Large Language Model (LLM), applying WHO guidelines and the NOVA classification system. Logistic regression and chi-square tests assessed associations between unhealthy food consumption and marital status, education level, mobility aid use, and portion control. Results: Unhealthy food consumption prevalence was 15.6%. Married residents had significantly higher rates than unmarried individuals (22.6% vs. 14.3%, p < 0.01). Lower educational attainment correlated with increased risk (partial primary education: 34.7% vs. tertiary education: 8.1%). Mobility aid users exhibited elevated consumption (cane: 34.6%; walker: 22.6%). Poor portion control showed the strongest association (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.8–5.7). Conclusions: Marital status, educational disparities, mobility limitations, and portion control were key modifiable risk factors. Findings suggest the need for targeted nutrition programs, caregiver education, and policy reforms to improve dietary literacy and meal portioning. Future research should validate AI-based food classification methods, assess long-term intervention outcomes, and expand studies to diverse LTCF settings. These findings align with Poland’s National Health Programme and provide actionable insights for global LTCF populations.

A novel strategy for the treatment of allergic rhinitis results from the innovative combination of antihistamine and intranasal corticosteroid drugs. By combining two preparations with different mechanism of action, this novel approach facilitates quick and effective controls of all upper respiratory tract allergy symptoms. The article presents the results of a study of olopatadine hydrochloride and mometasone furoate fixed-dose combination (GSP301) administered intranasally from a spray formulation, with an attempt at positioning the treatment within the ARIA and EPOS guidelines.