In most cryopreservation applications, the final concentrations of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) must be reduced to biocompatible levels. However, traditional methods for removing CPAs usually have disadvantages of operation complexity, time consumption, and ease of contamination, especially for the applications involving large volumes of cell suspensions. A dilution-filtration system, which involves pure ultrafiltration for separation, was developed for continuous, automatic, and closed process of removing CPAs. To predict the optimal protocols under given experimental conditions, a theoretical model was established first. Cell-free experiments were then conducted to investigate the variation in CPA concentration during the process, and the experimental data were compared with the theoretical values for the validation of the model. Finally, ten units $(212.9ml/unit±9.5ml/unit)$ of thawed human red blood cells (cryopreserved with 40% (w/v) glycerol) were deglycerolized using the theoretically optimal operation protocols to further validate the effectiveness and advantage of the system. In the cell-free experiments, glycerol was continuously removed and the concentration variations fitted the simulated results quite well. In the in-vitro experiments, glycerol concentration in RBC suspension was reduced to $5.57g/l±2.81g/l$ within an hour, and the cell count recovery rate was $91.19%±3.57%$, $(n=10)$, which proves that the system is not only safe for removing CPAs, but also particularly efficient for processing large-scale samples. However, the operation parameters must be carefully controlled and the optimal protocols should be specialized and various from case to case. The presented theoretical model provides an effective approach to find out the optimal operation protocols under given experimental conditions and constrains.

This study aims to present a novel approach for determining the weights of decision makers (DMs) based on rough group decision in multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems. First, we construct a rough group decision matrix from all DMs’ decision matrixes on the basis of rough set theory. After that, we derive a positive ideal solution (PIS) founded on the average matrix of rough group decision, and negative ideal solutions (NISs) founded on the lower and upper limit matrixes of rough group decision. Then, we obtain the weight of each group member and priority order of alternatives by using relative closeness method, which depends on the distances from each individual group member’ decision to the PIS and NISs. Through comparisons with existing methods and an on-line business manager selection example, the proposed method show that it can provide more insights into the subjectivity and vagueness of DMs’ evaluations and selections.

Three-phase cables in a motor driving system are the major ways of electromagnetic radiation, which result in potential interference to the nearby electronic equipment on electric vehicle. Numerical simulation of radiated emissions from cables is time-consuming, which becomes insufficient to compute large numbers of cables for actual applications. Hence, this article proposes a fast prediction approach that can highly improve the computational efficiency. Since cables are often close to each other and arbitrarily bent in the real application due to confined working space, the influence of proximity effects caused by closely-spaced cables on radiated emissions is also considered in the calculation model by multi-transmission line and Hertzian dipole theories. Besides, an equivalent model is presented to characterize the measured motor impedance. On the basis of the proposed cables model, a complete motor driving system model is originally developed by integrating a radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) source model of inverter and a load equivalent model of motor impedance. The system model is of vital value to identify the mechanism concerning radiated EMI issues on electric vehicles and efficiently evaluated in the end. Both numerical simulations and experiments are conducted for the validation of proposed approach, which show that the proposed approach can save over 90% computational time with desired evaluation accuracy.

The shielding properties of a rectangular enclosure with a doubly periodic array of apertures, exited by an obliquely incident and arbitrarily polarized plane wave is dealt with an improved method of moments (MOM) approach and mode-matching technique efficiently and accurately. Floquet waves for periodic structure are employed to represent the fields of the half-space, and the fields within the cavity are considered as superposition of waveguide modes. After enforcing the boundary conditions, MOM is used to obtain the shielding effectiveness and transmission coefficient. The proposed method has been successfully verified by a full-wave simulation tool CST and measurements. In our method, an arbitrary observation point is taken into account as well as higher order modes of the cavity. It is also found that all the resonant frequencies can be predicted from the transmission coefficient versus frequency curve.

Radiated emission from electric motors interferes nearby electronic devices and, thus, degrades the electromagnetic compatibility performance of the systems. Establishing a full-wave model of electric motor is crucial to full understanding of the radiated emission. Nevertheless, challenges remain in modeling large quantities of winding wires that hinders the establishment of a full-wave model. In particular, the proximity effects of closely spaced winding wires can strongly affect their radiation characteristics by changing the charge distributions on wires, which should be critically considered in the reduction modeling. In this article, the geometrical and electrical characteristics considering proximity effects are first generated by deriving the per-unit-length capacitance matrix of wires, and a four-step reduction procedure is detailed to simplify the complete wires model influenced by proximity effects. Backpropagation (BP) neural network is used for the first time to compute the geometrical characteristics of reduced wires model. Our results show that the reduced model has identical radiation characteristics with the complete model, as such it can be applied to develop a full-wave electric motor model for the prediction of radiated emissions. The validation of our technology is testified both numerically and experimentally.