Multianvil melting experiments in the system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–CO₂ (CMAS–CO₂) at 3–8 GPa, 1340–1800°C, involving the garnet lherzolite phase assemblage in equilibrium with CO₂-bearing melts, yield continuous gradations in melt composition between carbonatite, kimberlite, melilitite, komatiite, picrite, and basalt melts. The phase relations encompass a divariant surface in P–T space. Comparison of the carbonatitic melts produced at the low-temperature side of this surface with naturally occurring carbonatites indicates that natural magnesiocarbonatites could be generated over a wide range of pressures >2·5 GPa. Melts analogous to kimberlites form at higher temperatures along the divariant surface, which suggests that kimberlite genesis requires more elevated geotherms. However, the amount of water found in some kimberlites has the potential to lower temperatures for the generation of kimberlitic melts by up to 150°C, provided no hydrous phases are present. Compositions resembling group IB and IA kimberlites are produced at pressures around 5–6 GPa and 10 GPa, respectively, whereas the compositions of some other kimberlites suggest generation at higher pressures still. At pressures <4 GPa, an elevated geotherm produces melilitite-like melt in the CMAS–CO₂ system rather than kimberlite. Even when a relatively CO₂-rich mantle composition containing 0·15 wt % CO₂ is assumed, kimberlites and melilitites are produced by <1% melting and carbonatites are generated by even smaller degrees of melting of <0·5%.

Driven to collapse: Volcanic eruptions occur frequently, but only rarely are they large enough to cause the top of the mountain to collapse and form a caldera. Gudmundsson et al. used a variety of geophysical tools to monitor the caldera formation that accompanied the 2014 Bárdarbunga volcanic eruption in Iceland. The volcanic edifice became unstable as magma from beneath Bárdarbunga spilled out into the nearby Holuhraun lava field. The timing of the gradual collapse revealed that it is the eruption that drives caldera formation and not the other way around. Science , this issue p. 262

Geochemical Perspectives Letters is a new journal of the European Association of Geochemistry.