• The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the healthcare capacity of many countries. • Strict, horizontal lockdowns have adverse social, economic and health effects that have not been fully considered. • Primary and community care have multiple roles in COVID-19 pandemic mitigation. • Greece is a case example of a country which neglected primary and community care, and in November 2020 implemented a second horizontal lockdown. • Primary and community care, represents the only realistic strategy for successful COVID-19 pandemic mitigation in the long-term.

PDE5 inhibitors have been clearly established as first-line therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Three PDE5 inhibitors – sildenafil (Viagra®), vardenafil (Levitra®) and tadalafil (Cialis®) - are currently approved by the FDA and the EMEA for use in ED, whereas sildenafil is also marketed under a different proprietary name (Revatio®) for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A forth PDE5 inhibitor, udenafil (Zydena®), is currently marketed. In the present review the molecular basis and the mechanism of action of PDE5 inhibitors is discussed. In addition experimental and clinical data concerning their effects on different tissues, organs and systems is systematically reviewed and their possible beneficial action in numerous disorders is presented.

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) affect areas of the central nervous system, which are involved in emotional and cognitive responses such as sexual