The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of human blood contamination, before and after hardening of the materials, on microhardness of high-viscosity Fuji IX GP Extra (Fuji IX) and resin-modified Fuji II LC (Fuji II) glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and glass-hybrid material EQUIA Forte HT (EQUIA), with and without protective coating EQUIA Forte Coat (Coat), before and after thermocycling. Four groups (n = 40): 1. Fuji IX; 2. Fuji II; 3. EQUIA and 4. EQUIA + Coat were further subdivided into 3 subgroups: (1) Control; (2) blood contamination before hardening; (3) blood contamination after hardening, resulting in a total of 12 groups of 10 samples each. Samples were prepared using teflon molds (5 mm × 2 mm). Microhardness was measured using a Vickers microhardness tester before and after thermocycling (10,000 cycles), and data were statistically analyzed (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, ANOVA, Scheffe’s test). In the control groups, the highest microhardness was measured for EQUIA+Coat before thermocycling (70.71 ± 8.79) and after thermocycling (68.6 ± 7.65). Within the groups exposed to blood after hardening, the highest microhardness was recorded in the thermocycled EQUIA+Coat group (73.07 ± 8.85). Blood contamination before hardening negatively affected the microhardness of Fuji II, Fuji IX, and EQUIA+Coat. Exposure to blood after hardening increased the microhardness of Fuji IX and EQUIA, thermocycled Fuji IX and thermocycled EQUIA + Coat samples.

Pure titanium (Ti) and its alloys are the gold standard for dental implants because a stable titanium dioxide passive film provides excellent corrosion resistance in physiological environments. In this study, we aimed to examine electrochemical interactions between Ti and cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo), and between a novel Ti–magnesium composite (BIACOM TiMg) and CoCrMo, when immersed in everyday solutions representing beverage or oral hygiene exposure. Test solutions included Coca-Cola^®, lemon juice, Elmex^® fluoride gel, Listerine^® Cool Mint, and Sensodyne^® fluoride paste. Immersion experiments paired Ti sticks with CoCrMo sticks and, separately, BIACOM TiMg with CoCrMo sticks, with three measurements per configuration. When galvanically coupled with CoCrMo, immersion in Coca-Cola produced galvanic potential differences of ~983 mV for the BIACOM TiMg-CoCrMo couple and 830 mV for the commercially pure grade 4 (CP4) Ti-CoCrMo couple, indicating significant electrochemical instability. Both materials showed significant potential increases in Elmex fluoride gel. Listerine Cool Mint and Sensodyne fluoride exposure produced electrochemical interactions exceeding 200 mV. Significant differences in corrosion stability were observed between CP4 Ti and BIACOM TiMg. These findings indicate that material pairing and electrolyte environment significantly influence galvanic behavior, with the Ti-Mg composite showing greater susceptibility than CP4 Ti, informing dental/biomedical material selection in oral environments.

To analyze a single-visit endodontic treatment together with root canal detection practices in Croatia and investigate their relationship with reported postoperative pain, medication prescription, magnifying devices, rubber dam, radiographical checks before the procedure, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and engine-driven instrumentation. A structured questionnaire was distributed via email to all Croatian dental practitioners, with 819 responses analyzed corresponding to an estimated 27% response rate. Statistical analyses included descriptive analysis and regression modelling. Among Croatian practitioners, 27.9% frequently performed single-visit endodontic treatments. Male practitioners, practitioners with continuous education and ample experience, endodontic specialists, and those working in polyclinics or academic settings were more likely to adopt this approach. It correlated positively also with the use of advanced diagnostic and treatment tools (e.g., magnification devices, rubber dam, CBCT) and a reduction in antibiotic prescription. However, it was associated with increased reported analgesic prescription and a larger number of reported vertical tooth fractures. Practitioners reported less frequently using single-visit endodontic treatments for multi-rooted teeth and those with associated sinus tracts or periradicular lesions. Furthermore, practitioners more often performing single-visit endodontic treatment rate themselves better in finding additional canals, which is positively influenced by usage of radiography and magnification devices. In addition, continuous education has a positive effect on the root-finding abilities, but it decreases with years of their clinical experience. Single-visit endodontic treatment practice in Croatia is influenced by practitioner education, experience, and access to advanced equipment. While it offers benefits such as reduced antibiotic prescription, clinical attention and further research is needed to address potentially associated complications such as vertical tooth fractures and reliance on analgesics. Root finding abilities are positively influenced by continuous education. These findings underscore the role of education and resources in optimizing endodontic outcomes.

Silver diamine fluoride/potassium iodide (SDF/KI) Riva Star (SDI) is a tooth desensitizing and anti-caries agent that may be indicated for arresting caries before restoring the tooth in selective caries approach. The aim was to determine the effect of SDF/KI pretreatment on the bonding of SDR Plus Bulk-Fill Flowable (Dentsply) with Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray) and G-Premio Bond (GC) in self-etch mode on sound dentin. A total of 240 dentin samples were prepared and assigned to 12 groups based on SDF/KI pretreatment (with or without), adhesive type, and testing time (1, 3, and 6 months). The shear bond strength (SBS) was measured using an UltraTester. SBS data were analyzed using three-way factorial model (Adhesive × Pretreatment × Time) and Wald (F) tests, with α = 0.05. Fracture modes were analyzed using χ² and Fisher’s exact test, with α = 0.05. Clearfil performed significantly better than G-Premio at all time points (p < 0.001). Riva Star pretreatment significantly reduced SBS for both adhesives at all time points (p < 0.001). SBS reduction was significantly higher for Clearfil (p < 0.001). The effect of storage was not significant (p = 0.388). Fracture mode distribution differed significantly between adhesives (p < 0.001). Pretreatment × fracture interaction was significant for Clearfil (p = 0.0052). Mixed fractures in G-premio were rare.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) coating of freshly mixed mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on its microhardness after setting under conditions of moisture and human blood exposure. MicroMega MM-MTA samples were prepared using Teflon molds (6 mm × 4 mm). Four experimental groups (n = 4) were established: control (MTA + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)), MTA coated with NBCA (PeriAcryl) + PBS, MTA + blood + PBS, and MTA coated with NBCA + blood + PBS. Samples assigned to the blood-exposure groups were exposed to human blood for 15 min, rinsed, and subsequently stored in PBS. Prior to microhardness testing, all samples were incubated in PBS for seven days. Microhardness was measured using a Vickers microhardness tester, with five indentations performed on each specimen (20 measurements per group). Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality, Levene’s test, and two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The analysis revealed significant differences among the experimental groups (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences between tissue glue-coated and uncoated samples (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, coating MTA with NBCA tissue glue during the setting period significantly increased its microhardness following exposure to human blood and PBS.

Pure titanium (Ti) and its alloys are the "gold standard" for dental implants due to their stable titanium dioxide passive film providing excellent corrosion resistance in physiological environments. This study examined electrochemical interactions between Ti and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo), and between a novel Ti-Magnesium composite (BIACOM TiMg) and CoCrMo, when immersed in everyday solutions representing beverage or oral hygiene exposure. Test solutions included Coca-Cola®, lemon juice, Elmex® fluoride gel, Listerine® Cool Mint, and Sensodyne® fluoride paste. The immersion experiment paired Ti sticks with CoCrMo sticks, then BIACOM TiMg composite with CoCrMo sticks, with three measurements per configuration. Coca-Cola immersion increased electrochemical potential to ~983 mV for BIACOM TiMg and ~830 mV for CP4 titanium. Significant potential increases occurred in Elmex fluoride gel for both materials. Listerine Cool Mint and Sensodyne Fluoride exposures showed electrochemical interactions exceeding 200 mV. Marked differences in corrosion stability between CP4 titanium and BIACOM TiMg composite were confirmed. Findings indicate that material pairing and electrolyte environment significantly influence galvanic and corrosion behavior, with Ti-Mg composite showing higher susceptibility than CP4 titanium under tested conditions, impacting dental/biomedical material selection in oral environments.