Lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is a eutectic alloy of lead (44.5 at%) and bismuth (55.5 at%) that can be used as the coolant for the fast nuclear reactors. In the event of specific conditions or even accidents of the reactors, the temperature of liquid LBE decreases, and it may undergo solidification and volume expansion during the aging process after solidification, which can easily cause damage to the reactor’s internal structure as well as the reactor vessels. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of solidified LBE obtained at different cooling rates are systematically investigated after different aging times. It was found that the internal structure of LBE after aging remained a eutectic microstructure, consisting of the γ-phase (Bi-rich phase) and β-phase (Pb7Bi3). After a long period of static aging, the white γ-phase precipitated into the black β-phase, which further confirms the phase transition mechanism. Meanwhile, the acceleration of the cooling rate can aggravate volume expansion. As the aging time increases, there is no significant difference in the compressive yield strength σ of the LBE samples with the same cooling rate and only a certain degree of fluctuation. The elastic modulus E also shows similar results, indicating that aging time has a minor effect on the compressive yield strength σ and elastic modulus E of the LBE. With the increase in cooling rate, the compressive yield strength σ shows an upward trend, while the elastic modulus E is not significantly affected, with a small amplitude of fluctuation. Meanwhile, the hardness of LBE samples after long-term aging treatment is enhanced. After long-term aging, the overall density of the LBE samples shows a decreasing trend, the density fluctuation range of the fast cooling rates (5 K/min and 10 K/min) are significantly larger than that of the slow cooling rates. The decrease in density leads to volume expansion of the LBE during the aging process after solidification.

Lead-based alloy has received widespread attention as a coolant in nuclear reactors. However, there is limited research on pure lead after solidification. In this study, a systematic investigation was conducted on the long-term evolution of the microstructure and physical properties of pure lead samples solidified under different cooling rates, with a comparative analysis against of lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE). Microscopic detection (using optical and electron microscopes), density measurement, and compressive mechanical testing were carried out. The study results show that during the long-term evolution process after solidification (at room temperature of 27 °C), pure lead samples spontaneously undergo recovery and recrystallization, with larger grain size and more uniform microstructure. The density of samples remains within a stable range. The yield strength of samples after solidification will gradually decrease over time. For example, after 180 days of evolution, the yield strength of the rapidly cooled sample (10 K/min) decreased from 4.879 MPa to 3.766 MPa.