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Carla Balocco
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy

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Journal article
Published: 31 December 2020 in International Journal of Heat and Technology
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Giacomo Pierucci; Carla Balocco; Maurizio De Lucia. Development of a New Heat Flux Sensor for Building Applications. International Journal of Heat and Technology 2020, 38, 794 -800.

AMA Style

Giacomo Pierucci, Carla Balocco, Maurizio De Lucia. Development of a New Heat Flux Sensor for Building Applications. International Journal of Heat and Technology. 2020; 38 (4):794-800.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giacomo Pierucci; Carla Balocco; Maurizio De Lucia. 2020. "Development of a New Heat Flux Sensor for Building Applications." International Journal of Heat and Technology 38, no. 4: 794-800.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2020 in Sustainability
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the engineering/technical approach to building and plant design. In Italy, most of the school heritage belongs to historical buildings, which are not only under constraints for the protection and prevention of loss of cultural heritage but are often created with a different intended use. This fact implies that any plant engineering project is really complex. Starting from the current sanitary measures for reopening during the Covid-19 era and the crucial current research on this matter, the feasibility of plant retrofit/refurbishment solutions by means of effective ventilation and air quality are investigated. Various plant solutions based on demand-controlled mechanical ventilation, operating 24 h a day, seven days a week, without air recirculation mode, for a historical high school building were studied using transient simulations. A result comparison showed that it is possible to obtain healthy school environments by means of an optimal compromise between energy savings and the best ventilation conditions for indoor air quality (IAQ). Sustainability is understood as effective and efficient solutions for energy consumption reduction and environmental sustainability as a guarantee for people’s safety and wellbeing.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Lorenzo Leoncini. Energy Cost for Effective Ventilation and Air Quality for Healthy Buildings: Plant Proposals for a Historic Building School Reopening in the Covid-19 Era. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8737 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Lorenzo Leoncini. Energy Cost for Effective Ventilation and Air Quality for Healthy Buildings: Plant Proposals for a Historic Building School Reopening in the Covid-19 Era. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8737.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Lorenzo Leoncini. 2020. "Energy Cost for Effective Ventilation and Air Quality for Healthy Buildings: Plant Proposals for a Historic Building School Reopening in the Covid-19 Era." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8737.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Surgical staff behavior in operating theatres is one of the factors associated with indoor air quality and surgical site infection risk. The aim of this study was to apply an approach including microbiological, particle, and microclimate parameters during two simulated surgical hip arthroplasties to evaluate the influence of staff behavior on indoor air quality. During the first hip arthroplasty, the surgical team behaved correctly, but in the second operation, behavioral recommendations were not respected. Microbiological contamination was evaluated by active and passive methods. The air velocity, humidity, temperature, and CO2 concentration were also monitored. The highest levels of microbial and particle contamination, as well as the highest variation in the microclimate parameter, were recorded during the surgical operation where the surgical team behaved “incorrectly”. Turbulent air flow ventilation systems appeared more efficient than in the past and very low air microbial contamination was reached when behavior was correct. Therefore, adherence to behavioral recommendations in operating theatres is essential to not undermine the effectiveness of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems and employed resources.

ACS Style

Cesira Pasquarella; Carla Balocco; Maria Eugenia Colucci; Elisa Saccani; Samuel Paroni; Lara Albertini; Pietro Vitali; Roberto Albertini. The Influence of Surgical Staff Behavior on Air Quality in a Conventionally Ventilated Operating Theatre during a Simulated Arthroplasty: A Case Study at the University Hospital of Parma. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 452 .

AMA Style

Cesira Pasquarella, Carla Balocco, Maria Eugenia Colucci, Elisa Saccani, Samuel Paroni, Lara Albertini, Pietro Vitali, Roberto Albertini. The Influence of Surgical Staff Behavior on Air Quality in a Conventionally Ventilated Operating Theatre during a Simulated Arthroplasty: A Case Study at the University Hospital of Parma. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (2):452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cesira Pasquarella; Carla Balocco; Maria Eugenia Colucci; Elisa Saccani; Samuel Paroni; Lara Albertini; Pietro Vitali; Roberto Albertini. 2020. "The Influence of Surgical Staff Behavior on Air Quality in a Conventionally Ventilated Operating Theatre during a Simulated Arthroplasty: A Case Study at the University Hospital of Parma." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 452.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in Sustainability
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Our present research, starting from a previous study, aimed to define a methodological approach for sustainable lighting designs in a historical library, focusing on lighting quality, mainly obtained from the optimal use of natural light and its combination with the artificial one. A historical Florentine monastery, which is now a university library, was used as a pilot project. The proposed method forms an essential part of widening and deepening the recent study. Results have shown that this method will allow for adaptive lighting, based on the optimal control and use of natural light, historical–philological re-reading of the space, cultural heritage preventive protection and conservation, with the aim of building adaptive reuse, and it can be extended to similar cultural heritage cases, but also non-listed buildings and current designs. This research demonstrates how a correct natural lighting design can be a tool for sustainable refurbishment, guaranteeing cultural heritage conservation and preventive protection, and recovery of the historical, architectural and philological value of old and/or listed buildings, which have been converted to uses, often diametrically opposed to the original ones.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Martina Cecchi; Giulia Volante. Natural Lighting for Sustainability of Cultural Heritage Refurbishment. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4842 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Martina Cecchi, Giulia Volante. Natural Lighting for Sustainability of Cultural Heritage Refurbishment. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):4842.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Martina Cecchi; Giulia Volante. 2019. "Natural Lighting for Sustainability of Cultural Heritage Refurbishment." Sustainability 11, no. 18: 4842.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2019 in Sustainability
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Many ancient libraries in Italy are housed in historical buildings, only a few in former churches and monasteries. Newly built libraries mostly comply with the requirements of sustainability, energy saving and renewable energy use, but this does not occur for existing ones, especially when they belong to the historical cultural heritage. Historical library buildings have good mass and thermal inertia but often have inadequate windows with low light transmission value. Lighting systems are often without control and thus cause poor lighting conditions. Our present research concerns the energy sustainability assessment of retrofit operations for lighting in an existing historical university library, focusing on lighting quality, adequate lighting conditions for visual tasks, vision ergonomics and well-being, and guaranteeing the preventive conservation and protection of heritage books. This case study is very particular, because it concerns a Florentine historical monastery which is now a university library. Our proposed method introduces an optimal toolset for lighting design solutions with the aim of sustainability. The library indoor space was procedurally decomposed into illumination volumes according to different occupant activities and visual tasks and different use areas. This method is extensible to all similar cultural heritage case, but also existing old buildings and current designs.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giulia Volante. A Method for Sustainable Lighting, Preventive Conservation, Energy Design and Technology—Lighting a Historical Church Converted into a University Library. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3145 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giulia Volante. A Method for Sustainable Lighting, Preventive Conservation, Energy Design and Technology—Lighting a Historical Church Converted into a University Library. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giulia Volante. 2019. "A Method for Sustainable Lighting, Preventive Conservation, Energy Design and Technology—Lighting a Historical Church Converted into a University Library." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3145.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2018 in Sustainability
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The aim of our present research is to investigate possible solutions for the achievement of indoor comfort with the absence of any draft risks in the occupied zones of Cultural Heritage school building. A simple method for sustainable, reversible, and easily maintainable operations on the plant system, oriented to indoor comfort improvement and possible building-plant system refurbishment, is provided. It is based on thermal comfort assessment at an early design stage, carried out by dynamic simulation and CFD techniques. It helps to identify major ineffective equipment in historical school buildings, and potential sustainable, noninvasive, reversible, and conservative measures. Results obtained by a simulation exercise of a historical school building, a check case study, showed that the evaluation of thermal comfort conditions can be a strong guideline for reversible plant design. This guarantees building protection and preventive conservation. Refurbishment and retrofitting solutions, with a lower impact can be identified. Thus in depth assessment of the building physics and plant performance aiming at energy efficacy and sustainability, can contribute to finding out the balance between energy saving, sustainability, and quality of life. Our method can be a useful tool for effectiveness analysis on retrofit and refurbishment measures for similar case studies.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Alessandro Colaianni. Modelling of Reversible Plant System Operations in a Cultural Heritage School Building for Indoor Thermal Comfort. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3776 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Alessandro Colaianni. Modelling of Reversible Plant System Operations in a Cultural Heritage School Building for Indoor Thermal Comfort. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Alessandro Colaianni. 2018. "Modelling of Reversible Plant System Operations in a Cultural Heritage School Building for Indoor Thermal Comfort." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3776.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2018 in Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems
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Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone. Heat and moisture transfer investigation of surface building materials. Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 2018, 5, 146 -152.

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone. Heat and moisture transfer investigation of surface building materials. Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems. 2018; 5 (3):146-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone. 2018. "Heat and moisture transfer investigation of surface building materials." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 5, no. 3: 146-152.

Conference paper
Published: 18 June 2018 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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Many literature studies demonstrated that technologies belonging to cognitive neuroscience can be used in museums. Physics, optics, thermodynamics and neurosciences applications can provide an important support to applied and practical research for lighting our Cultural Heritage. In our research we provided a multidisciplinary integrated approach for the study of the luminous climate inside a historical building: Villa La Quiete in Florence is the case study. The quantitative measurements of the relationship between observer and artworks were performed, with eye-tracking technique application. The Information Theory, read on a thermodynamic basis, the ergonomy of the multi-perceptive learning and optical physics, were the fundamental tools for the assessment of the correct light sources in terms of spectral emission and colour light temperature. The eye-tracking technique combined with the results of lighting parameter quantification, allowed checking how the colour of light changes the observer's perception, and from the information theory point of view, the communication and interpretation process of the signals due to different lighting. At the same time, it was also possible to measure by assessing the perceptive data of the visual path, and thus the neg-entropy, the informative content of the interaction of light with works of art.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Alessandro Farini; Elisabetta Baldanzi; Giulia Volante. Light, Information and Perception inside Historical Buildings. A Case Study. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 364, 012007 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Alessandro Farini, Elisabetta Baldanzi, Giulia Volante. Light, Information and Perception inside Historical Buildings. A Case Study. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 364 (1):012007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Alessandro Farini; Elisabetta Baldanzi; Giulia Volante. 2018. "Light, Information and Perception inside Historical Buildings. A Case Study." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 364, no. 1: 012007.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2018 in Sustainability
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Italy has a huge cultural heritage, most of which consists of historical buildings that have changed their original function and use over time. The complex question of building and plant system refurbishment and retrofitting mainly derives from this crucial aspect. The aim of this paper is to provide a simple provisional tool useful for the assessment of efficient, energy sustainable refurbishment solutions for historical buildings and their plant systems. The Dante Alighieri high school (with an important music department) in Florence was the case study. We proposed a method based on dynamic simulations that allows plant design guarantying indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort, as well as energy efficiency, but, at the same time offering reversibility and mobility as well as ease of management and maintenance. Transient simulations of building-plant system were specifically addressed dynamic control and adaptive proportional regulation, so as to ensure that the plant adapts to the change of building and indoor environment thermo-physics and thermo-hygrometric parameters. Results showed that important refurbishment and retrofitting operations for energy saving are possible and effective for historical buildings if they are oriented to sustainability—i.e., low environmental impact, indoor thermo-hygrometric conditions, ventilation, air quality, and user wellbeing improvement—in compliance with preventive protection constraints.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Alessandro Colaianni. Assessment of Energy Sustainable Operations on a Historical Building. The Dante Alighieri High School in Florence. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2054 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Alessandro Colaianni. Assessment of Energy Sustainable Operations on a Historical Building. The Dante Alighieri High School in Florence. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):2054.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Alessandro Colaianni. 2018. "Assessment of Energy Sustainable Operations on a Historical Building. The Dante Alighieri High School in Florence." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 2054.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2018 in Sustainability
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The aim of our research is to investigate the physical connection between light, perception, and information by means of an integrated methodological approach. The proposed method was used for sustainable lighting design aiming at light efficacy and quality, visual perception, communication, and energy saving. Three types of synergic measurement were carried out: photometric, colourimetric, and perception measurements. Starting from the results and the post-processing of photometric and colourimetric measurements on different light sources and fresco surfaces, by applying the eye-tracking technique for eye movement analysis of a people sample, entropy calculations were carried out. The results of observer perception and preferences, patterns of their visual scanning due to different LED (Light Emitting Diode) sources, were quantified by means of Shannon entropy calculation and, consequently, the information content of images that each light source can transmit. A new lighting proposal, based on the use of LED sources characterized by a spectral emission of light in strong compliance with surface colour and relevant transmission image content information was suggested and checked by transient simulations. Our proposal was based on sustainability because this concept is linked to developing perception and visual wellbeing, information, light communication, and lower energy consumption for maintenance, but especially for preventive conservation and the protection of works of art by means quality of light.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giulia Volante. Lighting Design for Energy Sustainability, Information, and Perception. A Museum Environment as a Case Study. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1671 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giulia Volante. Lighting Design for Energy Sustainability, Information, and Perception. A Museum Environment as a Case Study. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1671.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giulia Volante. 2018. "Lighting Design for Energy Sustainability, Information, and Perception. A Museum Environment as a Case Study." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1671.

Journal article
Published: 14 October 2017 in Buildings
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The aim of our present study was to assess and compare the thermo-physical and energy behaviour of different integrated building façades, using a multi-physics simulation approach. Advanced integrated façades composed of opaque modules, one of them with a phase change materials (PCM) layer, the others with multilayer panels, combined with transparent ones, consisting of nano-structured materials and new-generation photovoltaic systems, were investigated. A multi-physics approach was used for the design optimization of the studied components and evaluation of their thermo-physical and heat transfer performance. In particular, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) multi-physics transient simulations were performed to assess air temperature and velocity fields inside the ventilated cavities. Analysis of heat and mass exchange through all the components was assessed during heating and cooling mode of a reference building. The typical Mediterranean climate was considered. Results comparison allowed the dynamic heat transfer evaluation of the multilayer façades as a function of variable climatic conditions, and their flexibility and adaptability exploitation, when different energy strategies are pursued. The multi-physics modelling approach used, proved to be a strong tool for the energy design optimization and energy sustainability evaluation of different advance materials and building components.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone. Numerical Modelling for the Thermal Performance Assessment of a Semi-Opaque Façade with a Multilayer of Nano-Structured and Phase Change Materials. Buildings 2017, 7, 90 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone. Numerical Modelling for the Thermal Performance Assessment of a Semi-Opaque Façade with a Multilayer of Nano-Structured and Phase Change Materials. Buildings. 2017; 7 (4):90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone. 2017. "Numerical Modelling for the Thermal Performance Assessment of a Semi-Opaque Façade with a Multilayer of Nano-Structured and Phase Change Materials." Buildings 7, no. 4: 90.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2016 in The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal
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The aim of this study is the numerical investigation of the capacity of porous hygroscopic building materials to damp indoor humidity variations due to external environmental loads and internal sources due to heat and moisture exchange. By means of numerical simulation, building material moisture content is computed by using a basic approach based on a diffusion model. Subsequently, a model incorporating the isothermal sorption curves of materials and complete thermal analysis is elaborated. The first modelling approach is more appropriate for material characterization even though it requires more time for modelling implementation and involves greater computational costs. The second modelling approach is useful for the assessment of hygro-thermal behaviour and energy performance of complex building components made of different materials. Moreover, this second approach can be easily applied to a 3D solid model of complex geometrical and architectural layouts. Results involve two different geometries. The first geometry belongs to a 1cm sized cube and represents the test system used in our study. The second one is representative of a usual building wall with a thermal bridge, consisting of different layers. From results analysis, it can be deduced that a more accurate numerical approach, using thermos-physical properties, porosity and hygroscopicity of materials and their corresponding sorption isotherm curves as input data, could be proposed for material characterisation and hygrothermal behaviour evaluation, in relation to the real physical indoor and outdoor transient climatic conditions. On the other hand, in many practical technical applications, our two proposed approaches can comprehensibly describe the investigated process combined with building-plant system energy performances, depending on the implementation process and computational costs we can implement.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone. Efficiency of Different Basic Modelling Approaches to Simulate Moisture Buffering in Building Materials. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 2016, 10, 561 -574.

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone. Efficiency of Different Basic Modelling Approaches to Simulate Moisture Buffering in Building Materials. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal. 2016; 10 (1):561-574.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone. 2016. "Efficiency of Different Basic Modelling Approaches to Simulate Moisture Buffering in Building Materials." The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 10, no. 1: 561-574.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Journal of Cultural Heritage
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We suggest a method to identify the suitability of a chosen indoor environment for paper material conservation in historical libraries. Our approach is based on two steps: numerical simulation for solving the air velocity, moisture and temperature fields, and then post-processing indexes evaluation to assess how the indoor microclimatic conditions can be favourable or not to the growth and development of microorganisms responsible for paper deterioration. A real case study was analysed in two different conditions: one the present situation and the other proposed by the authors with a HVAC system assuring controlled air temperature and RH levels. Numerical models, validated by experimental data published in previous works, were used to carry out microclimatic results. Starting from these results, some indexes suggested by the scientific literature were computed to check the suitability of the indoor environment for preserving a library heritage. Boolean parameters were also deduced from the combination of microclimatic factors favouring the growth of microorganisms responsible for paper material deterioration. Our research can provide a methodological approach that predictively allows one to know when, where and how the processes responsible for indoor microorganism activity can find the microclimatic conditions for their kick-off and triggering, and then their areas of potential growth. The proposed method highlights the main causes of the deterioration processes connected to building thermo-physics. Simulation results turned out to be a fundamental approach to identify the risky zones and potential areas of triggering deterioration processes of all the materials present

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Oriana Maggi; Giovanna Pasquariello; Roberto Albertini; Cesira Pasquarella. Indoor microclimatic study for Cultural Heritage protection and preventive conservation in the Palatina Library. Journal of Cultural Heritage 2016, 22, 956 -967.

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone, Oriana Maggi, Giovanna Pasquariello, Roberto Albertini, Cesira Pasquarella. Indoor microclimatic study for Cultural Heritage protection and preventive conservation in the Palatina Library. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2016; 22 ():956-967.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Oriana Maggi; Giovanna Pasquariello; Roberto Albertini; Cesira Pasquarella. 2016. "Indoor microclimatic study for Cultural Heritage protection and preventive conservation in the Palatina Library." Journal of Cultural Heritage 22, no. : 956-967.

Book chapter
Published: 21 October 2015 in Current Air Quality Issues
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Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone. Microclimate and Indoor Air Quality in an Operating Theatre under real use Conditions — An Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Current Air Quality Issues 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone. Microclimate and Indoor Air Quality in an Operating Theatre under real use Conditions — An Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Current Air Quality Issues. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone. 2015. "Microclimate and Indoor Air Quality in an Operating Theatre under real use Conditions — An Experimental and Numerical Investigation." Current Air Quality Issues , no. : 1.

Original articles
Published: 29 March 2015 in International Journal of Ventilation
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In the present study microclimate and airflow patterns in a real operating theatre (OT) under effective use conditions are investigated. Surgical staff movements and sliding door opening/closing effects on the air thermal distribution and velocity fields are considered. Experimental measurements and numerical simulations are carried out for the “at rest” and “operational” conditions of the OT. Two “operational” use conditions are considered: “correct” and “incorrect” during a simulated hip surgery. Numerical and experimental results comparisons are used to check their compliance with the standard limits. Results mainly show the ventilation system effectiveness in providing the expected conditions, even though local perturbations due to operational conditions are clearly pointed out.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Giuliano Cammarata; Pietro Vitali; Roberto Albertini; Cesira Pasquarella. Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Airflow and Climate in a Real Operating Theatre under Effective Use Conditions. International Journal of Ventilation 2015, 13, 351 -368.

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone, Giuliano Cammarata, Pietro Vitali, Roberto Albertini, Cesira Pasquarella. Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Airflow and Climate in a Real Operating Theatre under Effective Use Conditions. International Journal of Ventilation. 2015; 13 (4):351-368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Giuliano Cammarata; Pietro Vitali; Roberto Albertini; Cesira Pasquarella. 2015. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Airflow and Climate in a Real Operating Theatre under Effective Use Conditions." International Journal of Ventilation 13, no. 4: 351-368.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
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Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Giuliano Cammarata. Numerical Investigation of Different Airflow Schemes in a Real Operating Theatre. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2015, 08, 73 -89.

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone, Giuliano Cammarata. Numerical Investigation of Different Airflow Schemes in a Real Operating Theatre. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering. 2015; 08 (02):73-89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Giuliano Cammarata. 2015. "Numerical Investigation of Different Airflow Schemes in a Real Operating Theatre." Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 08, no. 02: 73-89.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
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The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of surgical staff on the indoor air quality in a uni-directional ventilation Operating Theatre (OT). Experimental measurements of particles and microclimate were acquired at rest and in operational conditions. The real OT (operational) use was simulated by a sham hip arthroplasty. CFD simulations were carried out outlining the studied environment used for experimental measurement campaign. A standard k-ε closure scheme based on RANS equations was implemented to solve the velocity and pressure field using an eddy viscosity approach. Temperature and relative humidity distributions were also computed keeping into account sensible and latent heat sources inside the OT. An Euler-based approach was applied to solve the concentration fields of gaseous contaminant and small particles (up to 5 μm in diameter) in the indoor air. An innovative strategy is proposed to estimate, by an iterative comparison between experimental data and numerical results, the emission rate of particles (differentiated by diameters) released by the occupants to be considered as source terms in the numerical model. Compliance with literature evidence concerning thermal and velocity fields and CO2 concentration was confirmed. From our analyses, some IAQ indexes were deduced, allowing monitoring of the local and overall OT air quality level supplied by the ventilating system during real operational conditions. The highest values of microbial air contamination were recorded during surgical activity; nevertheless, results showed the suitability of the ventilation system in providing the expected air quality.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Giuliano Cammarata; Pietro Vitali; Roberto Albertini; Cesira Pasquarella. Indoor Air Quality in a Real Operating Theatre under Effective Use Conditions. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2014, 07, 866 -883.

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone, Giuliano Cammarata, Pietro Vitali, Roberto Albertini, Cesira Pasquarella. Indoor Air Quality in a Real Operating Theatre under Effective Use Conditions. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering. 2014; 07 (11):866-883.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Giuliano Cammarata; Pietro Vitali; Roberto Albertini; Cesira Pasquarella. 2014. "Indoor Air Quality in a Real Operating Theatre under Effective Use Conditions." Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 07, no. 11: 866-883.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2013 in Building Simulation
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Air quality, temperature variations and humidity must be controlled in historical buildings in order to avoid hazards for cultural property and in some cases also for operators and visitors. Too many variations of any of these three parameters over time, can easily accelerate the aging process of the building materials as well as rare objects and artefacts. In cultural heritage, related indoor microclimatic condition control is fundamental for appropriate preventive conservation measures. A transient simulation model, for coupled heat and mass-moisture transfer, taking into account archivist and general public movements, combined with the related sensible and latent heat released to the ambient, is provided. The proposed method is based on the indirect approach to the numerical simulation of solid object movements in a fluid combined with heat, moisture flow phenomena and multi-physical conditions. Our method can be a useful tool for the evaluation of: indoor environment and air quality, that play an important role in guaranteeing that the building provide optimal conditions with regard to the appropriate use classifications (in historical buildings conservation of artworks plays a major role); the best compromise between people working and visitor comfort and temperature, relative humidity, presence of gases and/or permitted concentration levels for conservation and maintenance of works of art; conditioning and ventilation plant solutions; compliance with regulations and standards ensuring that all the refurbishment actions must comply with national and international indications for historical buildings (in particular museums, libraries, archives, rare book and manuscript collections etc.) protection and preventive conservation of works of art in them. Transient simulation results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental data collected through a monitoring campaign on microclimatic conditions inside the 18th century Palatina Library in Parma (Italy) i.e. our case study.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Giuliano Cammarata. Numerical multi-physical approach for the assessment of coupled heat and moisture transfer combined with people movements in historical buildings. Building Simulation 2013, 7, 289 -303.

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuseppe Petrone, Giuliano Cammarata. Numerical multi-physical approach for the assessment of coupled heat and moisture transfer combined with people movements in historical buildings. Building Simulation. 2013; 7 (3):289-303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuseppe Petrone; Giuliano Cammarata. 2013. "Numerical multi-physical approach for the assessment of coupled heat and moisture transfer combined with people movements in historical buildings." Building Simulation 7, no. 3: 289-303.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2013 in Sustainability
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The aim of this research is to study the possibility and sustainability of retrofit and refurbishment design solutions on historical buildings converted to different uses and often clashing with their original purpose and architectural features. The building studied is an ancient monastery located in the historical center of Florence (Italy). Today the original cloister is covered over by a single glazed pitched roof and used as a fashion showroom. Our proposed solution concerns a reversible and sustainable plant design integrated with an active transparent building casing. The existing glazed pitched roof was reconsidered and re-designed as part of the existing heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) plant system, based on the functioning of an active thermal buffer to control the high heat flow rates and external thermal loads due to solar radiation. Hourly whole building energy analysis was carried out to check the effectiveness and energy sustainability of our proposed solution. Results obtained showed, from the historical-architectural, energy and environmental points of view, its sustainability due to the building-plant system integration and interaction with its location, the external climatic conditions and defined expected uses, in particular with reference to indoor thermal comfort.

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Enrico Marmonti. Optimal and Sustainable Plant Refurbishment in Historical Buildings: A Study of an Ancient Monastery Converted into a Showroom in Florence. Sustainability 2013, 5, 1700 -1724.

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Enrico Marmonti. Optimal and Sustainable Plant Refurbishment in Historical Buildings: A Study of an Ancient Monastery Converted into a Showroom in Florence. Sustainability. 2013; 5 (4):1700-1724.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Enrico Marmonti. 2013. "Optimal and Sustainable Plant Refurbishment in Historical Buildings: A Study of an Ancient Monastery Converted into a Showroom in Florence." Sustainability 5, no. 4: 1700-1724.

Book chapter
Published: 26 July 2012 in Air Quality - New Perspective
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Multi-Physical Modeling for IAQ Monitoring | InTechOpen, Published on: 2012-07-26. Authors: Giuseppe Petrone, Carla Balocco and Giuliano Cammarata

ACS Style

Carla Balocco; Giuliano Cammarata. Multi-Physical Modeling for IAQ Monitoring. Air Quality - New Perspective 2012, 1 .

AMA Style

Carla Balocco, Giuliano Cammarata. Multi-Physical Modeling for IAQ Monitoring. Air Quality - New Perspective. 2012; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Balocco; Giuliano Cammarata. 2012. "Multi-Physical Modeling for IAQ Monitoring." Air Quality - New Perspective , no. : 1.