Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance remains a global threat with increasing morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to identify the antimicrobial resistance trends among ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) isolated from clinical samples at a Health Practice and Research Hospital over five years. Methodology: Microbiological diagnosis utilized classical culture methods and automated systems. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis was conducted using BD Phoenix, adhering to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) standards. Results: A total of 15,272 clinical strains of ESKAPE pathogens were identified in this study. The most frequently isolated pathogens among ESKAPE were K. pneumoniae (3.938, 27.79%), Acinetobacter baumannii (3,013, 19.73%) and Enterococcus faecium (2,966, 19.24%). Bacterial strains were isolated predominantly from urine (3,263, 21.37%), followed by blood cultures (3,099, 20.29%). ESKAPE pathogens were most commonly found in internal intensive care units (4,758, 31.16%), followed by surgical intensive care units (4,000, 26.19%). Reduced resistance rates were observed for most antibiotics against Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus. The vancomycin resistance rate for Enterococcus faecium was 18.48%, and the methicillin resistance rate for Staphylococcus aureus was 44.87%. A concerning trend of increasing antimicrobial resistance was noted in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. Conclusions: The alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant concern. The high rates of antimicrobial resistance observed in ESKAPE pathogens underscore the urgent need for improvement in antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control programs.

Purpose: In this study, it was aimed to determine the 5-year prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients admitted to the Microbiology laboratory of a tertiary hospital in Somalia. Intestinal parasites; Types of patients, age and sex of the patients, and the distribution by years were examined. Patients and Methods: Stool samples were examined using wet preparation, native lugol and trichrome staining methods. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS V23 software and a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Tables and figures were used to show the results. Results: One or more parasites were detected in 6766 of 56,824 stool samples examined. It was observed that Giardia lamblia had a higher prevalence than other parasites (60.84%) in a five-year period. Entamoeba histolytica (33.07%) second rank and Ascaris lumbricoides (3.18%) third rank according to their prevalence. When the distribution of the parasite population by gender is evaluated; no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.235). When the frequency of parasites was evaluated according to age groups, it was seen that the prevalence of parasites between the ages of 0– 15 was higher (45.5%) compared to other age groups. A statistically significant difference was found between the distribution of parasite groups according to age groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Considering the effects of intestinal parasites on public health, it is still considered to be an important health problem for developing countries. It is thought that the frequency of parasitic diseases in society will decrease with the education of individuals, effective diagnosis, treatment, and implementation of preventive measures.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, dört yıllık süreçte yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yatan hastaların çeşitli klinik örneklerinden izole edilen stafilokok suşlarının metisilin direncinin yıllar içindeki değişimini ve antibiyotik duyarlılıklarını değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Ocak 2018-Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında, bir üniversite sağlık uygulama ve araştırma hastanesi tıbbi mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarında, yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yatan hastalara ait çeşitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen toplam 5144 adet stafilokok suşu dahil edilmiştir. Bakteri tanımlaması ve antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri konvansiyonel yöntemler ve otomatize sistemle yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Toplam 5144 stafilokok suşunun 4503’ü koagülaz negatif stafilokok (KNS) (%87,54) ve 641’i Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (%12,46) olarak identifiye edilmiştir. Bu suşların 1451’i (%28,21) anesteziyoloji ve reanimasyon yoğun bakım ünitesinden ve 4573’ü (%88,90) kan örneklerinden izole edilmiştir. Hem S. aureus hem de KNS’lerde 2021 yılında en dramatik artış levofloksasin (S. aureus %100; KNS %99,45) ve siprofloksasinde (S. aureus %100; KNS %98,54) meydana gelmiştir. KNS’lerde fusidik asitte yüksek oranda direnç (%96,51) görülürken, S. aureus suşlarında %65’lerin üzerinde seyreden direnç 2021 yılında oldukça azalmıştır (%5,40). En düşük antibiyotik direnci ise her iki bakteri grubunda da daptomisin, linezolid ve teikoplaninde olmuştur. S. aureus suşlarında 2018 yılında %62,31 olan metisilin direnci, 2021 yılında %33,10’a düşerken, KNS’lerde %86,68’den %75,06’ya düşmüştür. İncelenen tüm antibiyotiklere karşı direnç oranları KNS’lerde anlamlı oranda yüksek bulunmuştur (p

In recent years, it is essential to discover safe and effective antibacterial drugs because of rising antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In traditional medicine, plant extracts including biological active components have been used for therapeutic purposes. We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the aqueous seed extract of Momordica charantia (M.charantia) on 9 pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the extract was assessed against strains using disc diffusion and broth microdilution tests. A total of 21 constituents were identified from M.charantia seeds. Alcohols, esters, aldehydes, monoterpenes, and monoterpenoids were found as the prevalent groups. The seed extract showed the greatest antimicrobial activity on B.subtilis and S.aureus with an inhibition zone diameter (IZD) value of 15.75±0.50 mm and 15.25±0.957 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test results ranged from 12.5 to 100 (mg/mL). The seed extract of M.charantia could be used for the cure of bacterial infections as a new natural drug.

Purpose: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe and fatal diarrhea in African children. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to a tertiary hospital in Somalia. Patients and Methods: 5804 children who applied with complaints of acute gastroenteritis between January 2020 and December 2023 were examined retrospectively. Rotavirus antigens were detected in the feces of 1324 patients by qualitative immunochromatographic analysis. The frequency of rotavirus gastroenteritis was evaluated according to age, gender and seasonal distribution. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Results: In the years, an increase in the number of patients tested with suspicion of rotavirus and an increase in rotavirus positivity was observed. While the positivity rate was 8.1% (n = 107) in 2020, it increased to 41.4% (n = 548) in 2023. Viral antigens were identified in 1324 of 5804 patients (22.8%). 743 (56.1%) of the children were boys and 581 (43.9%) were girls. The incidence of rotavirus positive cases was higher in the summer and spring months and in children aged 0– 2 years (78.6%) (p< 0.001). Diarrhea due to rotavirus was seen throughout the year. The monthly rotavirus antigen positivity rate in patients admitted to the hospital due to acute gastroenteritis reached its peak in May with 17.2%. Conclusion: The results of this study showed us that rotavirus is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants. Rotavirus gastroenteritis, which causes significant mortality and morbidity all over the world, is still seen at a high rate of 22.8% in Somalia. We are of the opinion that public health education, good hygiene practices and an effective vaccination program can reduce rotavirus infection.

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important infectious agents. Therefore, fast and accurate diagnosis of MRSA is utmost important. Although mecA gene detection by PCR is reference method, conventional methods are preferred in routine practices due to simplicity. As conventional methods last 48-96 hours, several chromogenic media have been developed. Our objective was to compare the methods used for meticillin resistance detection with PCR. Forty-eight S. aureus strains isolated from various clinical specimens were included. Of the 48 S. aureus strains, 19 were mecA gene-positive and 29 were negative. mecA gene-positive 19 strains were also meticillin-resistant by automated system and disk diffusion. On chromogenic agar, 15 of 19 MRSA strains were meticillin-resistant and 4 were meticillin-sensitive. Twentynine mecA gene-negative strains were susceptible to meticillin by automatized system and disk diffusion. Among 29 mecA gene-negative MSSA strains inoculated on chromogenic agar, 17 were methicillin-resistant. According to our study, chromogenic media would be ineffective to detected to meticillin-resistance because of low sensitivity and specificity in routine.