Endometriosis (EM) is a common estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disorder affecting reproductive-aged women, yet its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota significantly influence immune responses, estrogen metabolism, and systemic inflammation, potentially contributing to EM progression. This narrative review explores the relationship between the gut microbiota and EM, emphasizing microbial dysbiosis, inflammation, estrogen regulation, and potential microbiome-targeted therapies. Studies published within the last 30 years were included, focusing on the microbiota composition, immune modulation, estrogen metabolism, and therapeutic interventions in EM. The selection criteria prioritized peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews investigating the gut microbiota’s role in EM pathophysiology and treatment. Microbial dysbiosis in EM is characterized by a reduced abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Ruminococcaceae) and an increased prevalence of pro-inflammatory taxa (Escherichia/Shigella, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides). The gut microbiota modulate estrogen metabolism via the estrobolome, contributing to increased systemic estrogen levels and lesion proliferation. Additionally, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria activate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, exacerbating inflammation and EM symptoms. The interaction between the gut microbiota, immune dysregulation, and estrogen metabolism suggests a critical role in EM pathogenesis. While microbiota-targeted interventions offer potential therapeutic benefits, further large-scale, multi-center studies are needed to validate microbial biomarkers and optimize microbiome-based therapies for EM. Integrating microbiome research with precision medicine may enhance the diagnostic accuracy and improve the EM treatment efficacy.

Background/Objectives: Mental health problems among university students represent a growing public health concern and are shaped by both psychological and socioeconomic determinants that may act independently and interactively. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the separate and combined effects of these determinants on depression, anxiety, stress, and psychological distress in higher education students. Methods: A structured and targeted search strategy using predefined keyword groups and Boolean combinations across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified 99 records, of which 19 duplicates were removed. After screening 80 titles and 52 abstracts, 34 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 30 studies were ultimately included in the final review. Data were extracted on study characteristics, mental health outcomes, psychological determinants, socioeconomic factors, and their interactions. Results: The included studies consistently showed that psychological factors, including resilience, coping strategies, loneliness, self-efficacy, and perceived control, were associated with mental health outcomes, with higher resilience and self-efficacy linked to lower levels of depression and anxiety, and maladaptive coping and loneliness associated with increased psychological distress. Socioeconomic determinants, including financial stress, low socioeconomic status, parental education, housing insecurity, and food insecurity also independently contributed to elevated risks of depression, anxiety, and stress. Importantly, several studies demonstrated an interaction between these domains, where socioeconomic disadvantage amplified the adverse effects of poor coping capacity, low resilience, and social isolation, whereas social support and adaptive coping mitigated these effects. Conclusions: Student mental health is influenced by both distinct and interacting psychological and socioeconomic mechanisms, emphasizing the need for integrated institutional strategies that address structural vulnerabilities alongside individual psychological resilience.

Актуальность: Последствия COVID-19 для репродуктивного здоровья женщин остаются недостаточно изученными, несмотря на растущее количество публикаций о влиянии SARS-CoV-2 на гормональную регуляцию, овариальный резерв и структурное состояние органов малого таза. Цель исследования – обобщить, систематизировать и критически проанализировать современные данные о долгосрочном влиянии COVID-19 на репродуктивную функцию женщин, включая гормональные, структурные и функциональные изменения. Материалы и методы: Проведён обзор литературы в базах PubMed, Scopus и Embase (2020-2025), включавший рецензируемые исследования, посвящённые менструальной функции, овариальному резерву, эндометрию, течению беременности и предполагаемым механизмам нарушений. Результаты: У женщин после COVID-19 выявляются нарушения менструального цикла, снижение АМГ, эндокринные дисфункции, признаки оофорита и изменения эндометрия; у беременных повышены риски осложнений и нарушений плацентации. Заключение: COVID-19 оказывает комплексное влияние на репродуктивную систему женщин, что требует разработки алгоритмов наблюдения и дальнейших проспективных исследований.

Acute intestinal infections remain one of the leading causes of morbidity among children under five years of age and represent an important public health challenge in both developed and developing countries. Although these infections often share similar clinical manifestations, their etiological structure, severity, diagnostic accessibility, treatment approaches, and prevention strategies differ considerably depending on socioeconomic conditions, sanitation, healthcare infrastructure, and vaccination coverage. Aim: This review aims to summarize current data on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute intestinal infections in children aged 1–5 years, as well as to provide a comparative analysis of approaches in countries with different income levels. Methods: A review of scientific literature focused on acute intestinal infections in young children was conducted. Source selection included full-text assessment. The extracted data were summarized descriptively according to pathogen groups: viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections. A PRISMA flow diagram was used to present the source selection process. Results: The reviewed literature indicates that viral pathogens, particularly rotavirus and norovirus, are among the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age. According to Global Burden of Disease 2021 estimates, approximately 392.8 million diarrhoeal episodes and 0.34 million deaths occurred among children under five years of age globally in 2021, with mortality disproportionately concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Bacterial infections, including Shigella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, are less frequent but are more often associated with invasive disease, severe diarrhea, and systemic complications. Protozoal infections, including Giardia lamblia, may contribute to prolonged diarrhea, especially in children with malnutrition or weakened immune status. Substantial regional differences were identified in pathogen distribution, antimicrobial resistance, diagnostic capacity, access to healthcare, and vaccination coverage. In developing countries, the disease burden remains strongly associated with limited access to safe water, sanitation, timely diagnosis, and appropriate medical care, whereas in developed countries acute intestinal infections more commonly contribute to outbreaks, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations. Conclusions: Acute intestinal infections in children aged 1–5 years remain an important global health burden with substantial regional disparities. Effective prevention and control require context-specific strategies combining high vaccination coverage, improved water, sanitation and hygiene, timely pathogen-specific diagnosis, rational antimicrobial use, and strengthened surveillance, with particular priority given to high-burden and resource-limited settings.