Recently, the utilization of metal halide perovskites in sensing and their application in environmental studies have reached a new height. Among the different metal halide perovskites, cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX₃; X = Cl, Br, and I) and composites have attracted great interest in sensing applications owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. Most CsPbX₃ nanostructures and composites possess great structural stability, luminescence, and electrical properties for developing distinct optical and photonic devices. When exposed to light, heat, and water, CsPbX₃ and composites can display stable sensing utilities. Many CsPbX₃ and composites have been reported as probes in the detection of diverse analytes, such as metal ions, anions, important chemical species, humidity, temperature, radiation photodetection, and so forth. So far, the sensing studies of metal halide perovskites covering all metallic and organic–inorganic perovskites have already been reviewed in many studies. Nevertheless, a detailed review of the sensing utilities of CsPbX₃ and composites could be helpful for researchers who are looking for innovative designs using these nanomaterials. Herein, we deliver a thorough review of the sensing utilities of CsPbX₃ and composites, in the quantitation of metal ions, anions, chemicals, explosives, bioanalytes, pesticides, fungicides, cellular imaging, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic gases, humidity, temperature, radiation, and photodetection. Furthermore, this review also covers the synthetic pathways, design requirements, advantages, limitations, and future directions for this material.

Solution combustion was employed to create a series of ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ (1-11 mol percent) nanoparticles (NPs) using oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH) as the fuel. ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NPs were subjected to calcination at about 700°C. ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NPs comprised of 1 to 11 mol% of Dy³⁺ were characterized by employing the X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopic (TEM), UV-visible, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) techniques. The crystallite diameters of 1 to 11 mol% ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NPs were observed to range from 8.1 nm to 16.3 nm, exhibiting spherical shape. According to BET tests, the pore volume of ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NPs was determined to be 100.129 cm³/g. The mean pore diameter of ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NPs was determined to be 4.803 nm from the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) plot. The photoluminescence and photocatalytic dye degradation properties of ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NPs were investigated. The acid red 88 (AR88) dye was applied to appraise the photocatalytic activities of the NPs under UV irradiation. ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NPs with 3 mol% Dy³⁺ exhibited improvised photocatalytic activity due to the operative departure of charge carriers. The electrochemical examination of ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NP modified carbon paste electrode in 0.1 N HCl demonstrated considerable redox potential output, as evidenced by cyclic voltammetric and amperometric measurements. The electrochemical sensor studies on ZrO₂:Dy³⁺ NPs exhibited potentiality towards sensing of highly toxic metals like mercury and lead.

Mercury and explosives are well-known hazards that affect the environment and threaten society. Mercury generally exists as inorganic mercuric (Hg²⁺) salts, and its detection via fluorometric response is highly notable. Likewise, mainstream explosives contains a nitro (−NO₂) moiety as a functional unit, and numerous reports have quantified them using fluorescence quenching. Among the available literature, there are still noticeable concerns about the environmental and biological applicability of luminescent pyrene derivaives-tunedfluorometric detection of Hg²⁺ and explosives. In the presence of Hg²⁺ ions, pyrene derivatives tend to form excimers, which can be tuned to the chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF), photo-induced electron transfer (PET), or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), etc., to exhibit “Turn-On” or “Turn-Off” fluorescence responses. On the other hand, π-π stacking of emissive pyrene-derivatives may lead to J- or H-type aggregation via self-excimers (Py-Py*), which has been found to be quenched/enhanced by explosive hazards. In fact, −NO₂-containing explosives interact with pyrene derivatives, leading to exceptional fluorescence quenching or enhancement. This review details the use of pyrene derivatives toward the sensing of Hg²⁺ and explosives with demonstrated applications. Further, the design requirements, sensory mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and the future scope of using the reported pyrene derivatives in Hg²⁺ and explosives sensing are discussed.

To improve solid-state lithium batteries, solution casting has been employed to create lithium ion-conducting copolymer electrolytes involving poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) blend polymers with various compositions. Following X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformation (FTIR), the structural characterisation and identification of molecular bonding in polymer electrolytes were confirmed. Through AC impedance analysis, the electrical characteristics of the solid-state polymer films were investigated. The dielectric conductivity of the sample was found to obey the modified Arrhenius relationship, while in the case of a sample with higher conductivity, it followed Arrhenius behaviour. The relaxation parameters and dielectric behaviour of the samples are demonstrated and discussed.

The oxidation products of transition metal complexes with porphyrin are being examined currently by many research groups. meso- 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin [T(2,5-(OCH3)2)PP] and its coordination compound with oxovanadium(IV) resulting in VO[T(2,5-(OCH3)2)PP] were prepared by the standard procedures. The resulting complex was characterized with or without the addition of antimony pentachloride by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The UV-visible absorption spectrum of porphyrin ligand-based oxidation of vanadyl porphyrin VO[T(2,5-(OCH3)2)PP] in the presence of 0.5 mM SbCl5 has shown bands at 425, 540 and 650 nm. The final electro-oxidation product has a broad absorption band centered at 650 nm. It is characteristic of a porphyrin mono- cation which is seen due to oxidation at 0.0995V of ΔE value in the cyclic voltammogram of VO[T(2,5-(OCH3)2)PP]. These spectral features observed during the oxidation are in good agreement with the stepwise formation of mono-cation radical and di-cation. The EPR spectrum of VO[T(2,5-(OCH3)2)PP] suggests that it could be oxidized to the radical cation by oxidation with SbCl5 in dichloromethane. A radical cation is observed at low temperature and this spectrum corresponds to monomeric π-cation radical. A spectrum of fifteen lines is observed on the further addition of SbCl5 in dichloromethane. Thus, monomeric π-cation radical is recognized as [VO(TPP)]+. It is confirmed by the appearance of a new band at 1275 cm-1 in the IR spectrum. Zero field splitting (ZFS) was calculated from the triplet state on the EPR spectrum. It is suggested that ZFS interaction occurs from the dipolar coupling between the two electrons. Keywords: meso-Vanadyl porphyri