Climate change and global warming have become a challenging issue affecting not only humanity but also flora and fauna due to an intense increase of CO₂ emission in the atmosphere which has gradually led to amplification in the average global temperature. Hence, a number of mechanisms have been promoted to diminish the atmospheric commutation of carbon dioxide. One of the well-known techniques is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) which mechanism is based on capture and storage vast quantities of CO₂, as well as Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) which mechanism is based on CO₂ conversion to liquid fuels (e.g. methanol, hydrocarbons, dimethyl carbonate, propylene, dimethyl ether, ethylene, etc.). Particularly, methanol (CH₃OH) is a key feedstock for industrial chemicals, which further can be converted into high molecular alternative liquid fuels. In this regard, hydrogenation of CO₂ is one of the promising, effectual and economic techniques for utilization of CO₂ emission. Nevertheless, the reduction/activation of CO₂ into useful liquid products is a scientifically challenging issue due to the complexities associated with its high stability. Thus, various catalysts have been applied to reduce the activation energy of the hydrogenation process and transform CO₂ into value-added products. Thereby, this review article highlights the progress and the recent advances of research investigation in Cu and Fe-based catalytic conversion of CO₂, reaction mechanisms, catalytic reactivity, and influence of operating parameters on product efficiency.

While processing the soil with traditional plows at the same depth, a plow sole is formed in the subsurface layer, which leads to a deterioration in moisture absorption by the lower subsurface soil layer. As a result, water erosion occurs on the slopes. To overcome these limitations, the authors proposed an improved linear-step plow for soil slopes processing. Analytical expressions were obtained for determination the main parameters and traction resistance of the linearly-stepped broach-plow. It was indicated that the turnover of the layers with the lowest energy costs is provided with the following parameters of the plow of odd hulls: plow length is 75 cm, plow width is 25 cm, stabilizing plate height is 15 cm, and the minimum distance from the ploughshare toe to the stabilizing plate is 25 cm. An installation angle of the plate to the furrow bottom, the length of the plate and the width of the wing holders, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the soil have a significant impact on the traction resistance of the hedge.

Traditional biomass utilization is connected with negative environmental and human health impacts. However, its transition to cleaner cooking fuels is still low where the household’s fuels preferences play an important role in the process. To examine the factors that influence the household’s cooking fuel choice in Northern Sudan, a multinomial logit model (MNL) was used to analyze data collected from Kassala state in two selected districts, New Halfa and Nahr Atabara. The findings show that the most utilized fuels are still firewood and charcoal, which are used by 63.4% of all respondents. The results also revealed that socioeconomic factors have an impact on household fuel choice, where one additional unit of credit access may boost the possibility of choosing LPG by 22.7%. Furthermore, one additional level of education would reduce 5.4% of charcoal users while simultaneously raising 10% of current liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) users. Therefore, the study suggests initiating mobilization and training programs to raise awareness and encourage the usage of cleaner fuels. This study will provide policymakers with information on household cooking energy utilization while designing and developing policies related to energy. It will also contribute to the expanding body of literature concerning the transition to clean cooking fuels from traditional biomass.