Background: Preservation of the interdental papilla is an essential part of the functional and esthetic rehabilitation of dental treatment. It has been described that thicker gingival tissues are more resistant to recession. The main objective of this investigation was to analyze whether a thin gingival phenotype represents a potential risk indicator affecting interdental papilla fill, height, or width in an esthetic region between maxillary central incisors. The secondary goals were: (1) to analyze parameters describing the papilla—fill, height, width, and effect of papilla base width on the vertical papillary dimension; (2) to determine correlation between different non-invasive measurements of gingival thickness; (3) to compare both sexes.Methods: A total of 54 periodontally healthy students (20–30 years old) were included in the study. Gingival thickness was measured using Pirop Ultrasonic Biometer. Gingival phenotype was also assessed by gingival probe transparency. Papilla height and width were measured, and the degree of papilla recession was classified.Results: No significant relationship between papilla fill, height, width and gingival probe transparency or gingival thickness was found. Gingival thickness and gingival probe transparency showed a significant relationship (P < 0.001). There was a significant relationship between papilla height and papilla fill (P = 0.028). A papilla which filled the interdental space completely seemed to be shorter. A strong positive correlation between papilla height and papilla width was found (P < 0.0001). The papilla between maxillary central incisors was significantly higher in males (P = 0.01).Conclusion: The appearance of the interdental papilla may be influenced by various factors. Within the limitations of this study, the results showed that the thin gingival phenotype alone is no potential risk indicator affecting interdental papilla fill, height, or width. It seems that there may be some effect of papilla base width on its vertical dimension. Gingival probe transparency is a simple reliable method of assessment of gingival thickness with a threshold value of 1-mm gingival thickness between the thick and thin phenotypes.

Background: The socket preservation technique involves filling the bone defect created after tooth extraction with a bone substitute material. This helps to reduce bone resorption of the post-extraction alveolar ridge. Various types of bone substitute biomaterials are used as augmentation materials, including autogeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic materials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in alveolar ridge dimensions and alterations of optical bone density in sockets grafted with two different biomaterials. Additionally, bone biopsies taken from the grafted sites underwent histological evaluation. Methods: This study enrolled 10 generally healthy patients, who were divided into two equal groups. Patients in the first group were treated with an allogeneic material (BIOBank^®, Biobank, Paris, France), while patients in the second group were treated with an xenogeneic material (Geistlich Bio-Oss^®, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland). Tooth extraction was performed, following which the appropriate material was placed into the debrided socket. The material was secured with a collagen membrane (Geistlich Bio-Gide^®, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and sutures, which were removed 7 to 10 days after the procedure. Micro-CBCT examinations were performed, for the evaluation of alveolar ridge dimensions and bone optical density, at 7–10 days and six months after the procedure. Bone trepanbiopsy was performed simultaneously to the implant placement, six months after socket preservation. The retrieved biopsy was subjected to histological examination via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Masson’s trichrome staining. Results: The results showed that the allogeneic material was more effective in preserving alveolar buccal height and was probably more rapidly transformed into the patient’s own bone. Sockets grafted with the xenogeneic material presented higher optical bone density after six months. Both materials presented similar effectiveness in alveolar width preservation. Conclusions: Based on the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that both materials are suitable for the socket preservation technique. However, the dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge and the quality of the newly formed bone may vary depending on the type of biomaterial used.

Introduction: Bone regeneration materials are often used in dental surgery procedures. At present, we have the possibility to use materials from different groups due to the way they are obtained. The gold standard still remains the use of autogenous bone substitute material due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. The surgical removal of the third retained tooth is one of the most common procedures performed in dental surgery. As a result of such a procedure, bone tissue atrophy occurs. In order to avoid the formation of a bone defect on the distal surface of the second molar, an augmentation method using an autogenous dentin matrix can be used in such procedures. Material and methods: Procedures for bilateral removal of retained third molars were performed in 15 patients. On one side, augmentation was performed with an autogenous dentin matrix obtained by grinding and preparing the extracted retained tooth (study group). On the opposite side, the bone defect was left to heal spontaneously (control group). After 6 months, the degree of bone regeneration was compared on the basis of bone density testing and the size of the resulting bone defect on the distal side was compared on the basis of radiographic examination. Results: Analysis of the obtained material showed significant differences in healing after treatments with autogenous dentin matrix. Thus, the use of an autogenous dentin matrix made it possible to obtain a completely regenerated bone defect. Conclusions: This procedure seems to be useful for bone regeneration after the removal of the third molar.

Background: The socket preservation technique involves filling the bone defect that occurs after a tooth is extracted with bone substitute material. This procedure helps to minimize bone resorption of the alveolar ridge following extraction. Various bone substitute biomaterials can be used for augmentation, including autogenous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic options. This study aimed to assess changes in alveolar ridge dimensions and variations in radiographic bone density in sockets grafted with two distinct biomaterials. Furthermore, bone biopsies collected from the grafted sites were subjected to histological analysis. Methods: Forty generally healthy patients were enrolled in the study and split into four equal groups. The first and third groups underwent first or second maxillary premolar extraction and received treatment with an allogeneic material (BIOBank®, Biobank, Paris, France), while the second and fourth groups underwent first or second mandibular molar extraction and were treated with a xenogeneic material (Geistlich Bio-Oss®, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland). Following tooth extraction, the appropriate biomaterial was inserted into the socket. It was covered with a collagen membrane (Geistlich Bio-Gide®, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and stabilized with sutures, which were removed seven to ten days after the procedure. Micro-CBCT scans were conducted to evaluate the dimensions of the alveolar ridge and the radiographic density of the grafted socket at 7–10 days and 6 months after the procedure. A bone trepanobiopsy was performed concurrently with implant placement six months after socket preservation. The obtained biopsy was analyzed histologically using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in alveolar ridge height or width preservation between allogeneic and xenogeneic biomaterials. After six months of healing, sockets grafted with both materials exhibited greater radiographic bone density, with significantly greater density observed in the xenograft group. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the two biomaterials are comparable in their effectiveness at maintaining the dimensions of the alveolar ridge. However, the quality of the newly formed bone may differ depending on the type of biomaterial used.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is commonly treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which often cause significant morbidity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative. Pheophorbide-a (Pa), a second-generation photosensitizer, shows promise, but has not been critically reviewed in oral malignancies. The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate preclinical evidence on the mechanisms of action, efficacy and safety of Pa-mediated PDT (Pa-PDT) in oral oncology.A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was conducted in line with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD420251066127). Eligible studies included in vitro or in vivo models using Pa-PDT in oral malignancies. Data on therapeutic outcomes, the mechanisms of action, and study quality was extracted and analyzed. Nine studies were included. Pheophorbide-a-induced photodynamic therapy consistently induced apoptosis, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction. It also overcame multidrug resistance by downregulating HOXC6 and MDR1. Conjugation with targeting peptides, nanocarriers and immune checkpoint inhibitors enhanced selectivity and cytotoxicity.Pheophorbide-a demonstrated favorable photophysical properties, including strong red-light absorption (664-675nm), high singlet oxygen yield and minimal dark toxicity. Evidence was limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous protocols and the absence of human trials. Pheophorbide-a-induced photodynamic therapy shows antitumor activity in preclinical OSCC models, supporting further preclinical development and carefully designed early-phase trials. Translation should proceed only within early-phase trials that directly benchmark Pa against the approved photosensitizers, using standardized protocols.

Introduction: Tooth autotransplantation is the replacement of aɸmissing tooth with another tooth within aɸpatient’sɸdentition. It usually involves aɸtransfer of an impacted or erupted tooth from aɸdonor site to an extraction or surgically created recipient site. Material and method: The patient (12 years) with two impacted maxillary canines (13 and 23) was referred to the Orthodontic department of Clinic of Stomatology and General University Hospital. The patient underwent orthodontic treatment combined with autotransplantation of teeth 13 and 23. The case report presents the autotransplantation of impacted canines with incomplete root formation and preserved vitality after the procedure. Conclusion: Full esthetics as well as function of the dentition with lower financial demands was achieved by the autotransplatation of both impacted canines. It is another treatment option, especially in case of impacted teeth in unfavourable position which does not allow active orthodontic extrusion or where standard treament could be associated with an increased risk of damage to the adjacent anatomical structures.