Cannabis belongs to the family Cannabaceae, and phytocannabinoids are produced by the Cannabis sativa L. plant. A long-standing debate regarding the plant is whether it contains one or more species. Phytocannabinoids are bioactive natural products found in flowers, seeds, and fruits. They can be beneficial for treating human diseases (such as multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and pain), the cellular metabolic process, and regulating biological function systems. In addition, several phytocannabinoids are used in various therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications. This study provides an overview of the different sources of phytocannabinoids; further, the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds involving various pathways is elucidated. The structural classification of phytocannabinoids is based on their decorated resorcinol core and the bioactivities of naturally occurring cannabinoids. Furthermore, phytocannabinoids have been studied in terms of their role in animal models and antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi; further, they show potential for therapeutic applications and are used in treating various human diseases. Overall, this review can help deepen the current understanding of the role of biotechnological approaches and the importance of phytocannabinoids in different industrial applications.

Biosurfactant is a biodegradation accelerator that improves bioavailability and facilitates degradation by microorganisms. The study was meant to produce a novel biosurfactant molecule from Bacillussafensis YKS2. An efficient biosurfactant-producing strain, namely, Bacillus safensis YKS2, was selected using hemolytic activity, drop collapsing test, oil spreading test and blue agar plate methods in four oil-degrading strains isolated from a soil sample. Biosurfactant production in the optimization of bacteria culture conditions by RSM is a statistical grouping technique that is analyzed using the AVOVA approach to surface tention. In addition, the study was characterized by UV spectrophotometer FT-IR, HR-SEM, and GC-MS analyses to explain its structural and chemical details. Wastewater treatment was monitored for pH, EC, turbidity, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in order to justify the efficacy of the biosurfactant during wastewater treatment. The results of the UV spectrophotometer showed absorption at 530 nm, and the FT-IR analyzed carboxylic acids, alcohol and phenols groups, whichthe GC-MS analysis indicated were lipopeptide purified by hexadecanoic andtetradecanoic processes, respectively. The results show that the wastewater removal efficiency of 70% wasachieved within 24 h. In comparison, metagenomics was conducted during the treatment process to identify changes in the microbial load and diversity, which essentially indicatethe biosurfactant performance of the wastewater treatment process. The microbial load in the treated biosurfactant wastewater (84,374 sequences) was greatly decreased compared to untreated wastewater (139,568 sequences). It was concluded that B. safensis YKS2, producing a glycolipid form of biosurfactant, has possible benefits in the remediation of wastewater, and can be used for large-scale processing inbiosurfactant industries.

Tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is a traditional and economically important non-alcoholic beverage-producing plant grown in large plantations in the northern region of Thailand and has a diverse community of endophytic bacteria. In this study, a total of 70 bacterial isolates were isolated from healthy asymptomatic samples of tea leaves from five different tea gardens in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, these bacterial isolates were taxonomically grouped into 11 different genera, namely Bacillus, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter Microbacterium, Moraxella, Neobacillus, Priestia, Pseudarthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Sporosarcina, and Staphylococcus. All these isolates were evaluated for their potential to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and cellulolytic enzymes while having phosphate-solubilizing and tannin tolerance capacity. Most isolated bacterial endophytes belonged to the Bacillus genus and exhibited multiple plant-growth-promoting abilities. All bacterial endophytes could produce varied concentrations of the indole-related compounds, and the strain Curtobacterium citreum P-5.19 had the highest production of IAA at 367.59 µg/mL, followed by Pseudarthrobacter enclensis P-3.12 at 266.97 µg/mL. Seventy-eight percent (78%) of the total isolates solubilized inorganic phosphate, while 77%, 65%, and 52% were positive for extracellular proteases, cellulases, and pectinases, respectively. Remarkably, 80% of the isolates were capable of growth on nutrient agar supplemented with 1% (w/v) tannic acid. C. citreum P-5.19 and P. enclensis P-3.12 were selected for evaluation of plant growth promotion, and it was found that both bacterial endophytes enhanced seed germination rate and improved seedling growth parameters such as fresh and/or dry weight, root length, and shoot lengths of sunflower and tomato seeds. The selected bacterial endophytes isolated from tea leaves in this study could be used in bioformulation for plant growth promotion and advancing sustainable agricultural practices contributing to the decreased use of chemical inputs. This is the first report of an endophytic bacterium, Pseudarthrobacter enclensis, being isolated from C. sinensis.

Schematic overview of magnetic nanoparticles in brain cancer therapy. MNPs enable magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, and MRI imaging, while facing challenges in BBB penetration, toxicity, biodistribution, and long-term biocompatibility.