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Teja Tscharntke
Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Opinion
Published: 03 August 2021 in Trends in Ecology & Evolution
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We challenge the widespread appraisal that organic farming is the fundamental alternative to conventional farming for harnessing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Certification of organic production is largely restricted to banning synthetic agrochemicals, resulting in limited benefits for biodiversity but high yield losses despite ongoing intensification and specialisation. In contrast, successful agricultural measures to enhance biodiversity include diversifying cropland and reducing field size, which can multiply biodiversity while sustaining high yields in both conventional and organic systems. Achieving a landscape-level mosaic of natural habitat patches and fine-grained cropland diversification in both conventional and organic agriculture is key for promoting large-scale biodiversity. This needs to be urgently acknowledged by policy makers for an agricultural paradigm shift.

ACS Style

Teja Tscharntke; Ingo Grass; Thomas C. Wanger; Catrin Westphal; Péter Batáry. Beyond organic farming – harnessing biodiversity-friendly landscapes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Teja Tscharntke, Ingo Grass, Thomas C. Wanger, Catrin Westphal, Péter Batáry. Beyond organic farming – harnessing biodiversity-friendly landscapes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teja Tscharntke; Ingo Grass; Thomas C. Wanger; Catrin Westphal; Péter Batáry. 2021. "Beyond organic farming – harnessing biodiversity-friendly landscapes." Trends in Ecology & Evolution , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 10 June 2021 in Journal of Applied Ecology
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Agricultural intensification has led to dramatic losses of species and associated ecosystem services. In the European Union, agri-environment schemes (AES) have been developed to mitigate these challenges. There are two opposing AES strategies, targeting either production or non-production areas. Organic farming focuses on production and conservation on the same land-use area, whereas flower strips adjacent to crop fields are in favour of intensified conventional production combined with conservation strips outside the cultivated area. We investigated pest and natural enemy abundances of organic farming vs. establishing flower strip in ten agricultural landscapes in Central Germany along a gradient of mean field size (1.24-6.78 ha). We focused on three winter wheat fields per landscape: conventional field (control), conventional field with adjacent flower strip and organic field. We sampled crop pests such as cereal leaf beetles (CLB) and cereal aphids as well as their natural enemies. Our results indicate that the abundance of CLB larvae was more than two times higher in conventional farming with and without flower strip than in organic farming. The abundance of natural enemies was supported by landscapes with small mean field size, i.e. their numbers increased ca. threefold when field size decreased from 7 to 2 ha. Aphid abundance was lower in organic fields and conventional control fields than in conventional fields with flower strips suggesting a potential disservice of flower strips. Parasitoids and natural enemies benefited from flower strips, but they were obviously not able to control the aphids. Synthesis and applications. The major pests in cereals, aphids and cereal leaf beetles, infested organic farming less than flower strips along conventional fields. However, abundance of natural enemies of pests benefited from flower strips and, in addition, from decreasing field size in agricultural landscapes. Hence, enhancing predator populations for more effective biological pest control may be best with decreasing field sizes combined with organic farming and flower strips. Altogether, organic farming might contribute much more to low pest damage than a conventional farming strategy with flower strips.

ACS Style

Edina Török; Sinja Zieger; Jacob Rosenthal; Rita Földesi; Róbert Gallé; Teja Tscharntke; Péter Batáry. Organic farming supports lower pest infestation, but less natural enemies than flower strips. Journal of Applied Ecology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Edina Török, Sinja Zieger, Jacob Rosenthal, Rita Földesi, Róbert Gallé, Teja Tscharntke, Péter Batáry. Organic farming supports lower pest infestation, but less natural enemies than flower strips. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edina Török; Sinja Zieger; Jacob Rosenthal; Rita Földesi; Róbert Gallé; Teja Tscharntke; Péter Batáry. 2021. "Organic farming supports lower pest infestation, but less natural enemies than flower strips." Journal of Applied Ecology , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 17 March 2021 in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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While an increasing number of studies indicate that the range, diversity and abundance of many wild pollinators has declined, the global area of pollinator-dependent crops has significantly increased over the last few decades. Crop pollination studies to date have mainly focused on either identifying different guilds pollinating various crops, or on factors driving spatial changes and turnover observed in these communities. The mechanisms driving temporal stability for ecosystem functioning and services, however, remain poorly understood. Our study quantifies temporal variability observed in crop pollinators in 21 different crops across multiple years at a global scale. Using data from 43 studies from six continents, we show that (i) higher pollinator diversity confers greater inter-annual stability in pollinator communities, (ii) temporal variation observed in pollinator abundance is primarily driven by the three-most dominant species, and (iii) crops in tropical regions demonstrate higher inter-annual variability in pollinator species richness than crops in temperate regions. We highlight the importance of recognizing wild pollinator diversity in agricultural landscapes to stabilize pollinator persistence across years to protect both biodiversity and crop pollination services. Short-term agricultural management practices aimed at dominant species for stabilizing pollination services need to be considered alongside longer term conservation goals focussed on maintaining and facilitating biodiversity to confer ecological stability.

ACS Style

Deepa Senapathi; Jochen Fründ; Matthias Albrecht; Michael P. D. Garratt; David Kleijn; Brian J. Pickles; Simon G. Potts; Jiandong An; Georg K. S. Andersson; Svenja Bänsch; Parthiba Basu; Faye Benjamin; Antonio Diego M. Bezerra; Ritam Bhattacharya; Jacobus C. Biesmeijer; Brett Blaauw; Eleanor J. Blitzer; Claire A. Brittain; Luísa G. Carvalheiro; Daniel P. Cariveau; Pushan Chakraborty; Arnob Chatterjee; Soumik Chatterjee; Sarah Cusser; Bryan N. Danforth; Erika Degani; Breno M. Freitas; Lucas A. Garibaldi; Benoit Geslin; G. Arjen de Groot; Tina Harrison; Brad Howlett; Rufus Isaacs; Shalene Jha; Björn Kristian Klatt; Kristin Krewenka; Samuel Leigh; Sandra A. M. Lindström; Yael Mandelik; Megan McKerchar; Mia Park; Gideon Pisanty; Romina Rader; Menno Reemer; Maj Rundlöf; Barbara Smith; Henrik G. Smith; Patrícia Nunes Silva; Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter; Teja Tscharntke; Sean Webber; Duncan B. Westbury; Catrin Westphal; Jennifer B. Wickens; Victoria J. Wickens; Rachael Winfree; Hong Zhang; Alexandra-Maria Klein. Wild insect diversity increases inter-annual stability in global crop pollinator communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2021, 288, 20210212 .

AMA Style

Deepa Senapathi, Jochen Fründ, Matthias Albrecht, Michael P. D. Garratt, David Kleijn, Brian J. Pickles, Simon G. Potts, Jiandong An, Georg K. S. Andersson, Svenja Bänsch, Parthiba Basu, Faye Benjamin, Antonio Diego M. Bezerra, Ritam Bhattacharya, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Brett Blaauw, Eleanor J. Blitzer, Claire A. Brittain, Luísa G. Carvalheiro, Daniel P. Cariveau, Pushan Chakraborty, Arnob Chatterjee, Soumik Chatterjee, Sarah Cusser, Bryan N. Danforth, Erika Degani, Breno M. Freitas, Lucas A. Garibaldi, Benoit Geslin, G. Arjen de Groot, Tina Harrison, Brad Howlett, Rufus Isaacs, Shalene Jha, Björn Kristian Klatt, Kristin Krewenka, Samuel Leigh, Sandra A. M. Lindström, Yael Mandelik, Megan McKerchar, Mia Park, Gideon Pisanty, Romina Rader, Menno Reemer, Maj Rundlöf, Barbara Smith, Henrik G. Smith, Patrícia Nunes Silva, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Teja Tscharntke, Sean Webber, Duncan B. Westbury, Catrin Westphal, Jennifer B. Wickens, Victoria J. Wickens, Rachael Winfree, Hong Zhang, Alexandra-Maria Klein. Wild insect diversity increases inter-annual stability in global crop pollinator communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2021; 288 (1947):20210212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deepa Senapathi; Jochen Fründ; Matthias Albrecht; Michael P. D. Garratt; David Kleijn; Brian J. Pickles; Simon G. Potts; Jiandong An; Georg K. S. Andersson; Svenja Bänsch; Parthiba Basu; Faye Benjamin; Antonio Diego M. Bezerra; Ritam Bhattacharya; Jacobus C. Biesmeijer; Brett Blaauw; Eleanor J. Blitzer; Claire A. Brittain; Luísa G. Carvalheiro; Daniel P. Cariveau; Pushan Chakraborty; Arnob Chatterjee; Soumik Chatterjee; Sarah Cusser; Bryan N. Danforth; Erika Degani; Breno M. Freitas; Lucas A. Garibaldi; Benoit Geslin; G. Arjen de Groot; Tina Harrison; Brad Howlett; Rufus Isaacs; Shalene Jha; Björn Kristian Klatt; Kristin Krewenka; Samuel Leigh; Sandra A. M. Lindström; Yael Mandelik; Megan McKerchar; Mia Park; Gideon Pisanty; Romina Rader; Menno Reemer; Maj Rundlöf; Barbara Smith; Henrik G. Smith; Patrícia Nunes Silva; Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter; Teja Tscharntke; Sean Webber; Duncan B. Westbury; Catrin Westphal; Jennifer B. Wickens; Victoria J. Wickens; Rachael Winfree; Hong Zhang; Alexandra-Maria Klein. 2021. "Wild insect diversity increases inter-annual stability in global crop pollinator communities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1947: 20210212.

Biodiversity research
Published: 22 February 2021 in Diversity and Distributions
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Aim North‐eastern Madagascar is a hotspot of plant diversity, but vanilla and rice farming are driving land‐use change, including slash‐and‐burn management. It still remains unknown how land‐use change and land‐use history affect richness and composition of endemic, native and exotic herbaceous plant species. Location North‐eastern Madagascar. Methods We assessed herbaceous plants along a land‐use intensification gradient ranging from unburned land‐use types (i.e. old‐growth forest, forest fragment and forest‐derived vanilla agroforest) to burned land‐use types (i.e. fallow‐derived vanilla agroforest, woody fallow and herbaceous fallow) and rice paddy. We compared land‐use types and analysed the effects of land‐use history, canopy closure and landscape forest cover on species richness. Additionally, we analysed species compositional changes across land‐use types. Results Across 80 plots, we found 355 plant species (180 native non‐endemics, 57 exotics, 60 endemics and 58 species of unknown origin). Native and exotic species richness increased with increasing land‐use intensity, whereas endemics decreased. Unburned land‐use types had higher endemic species richness (4.28 ± 0.37 [mean ± SE]) than burned ones (2.4 ± 0.21). Exotic and native species richness, but not endemics, decreased with increasing canopy closure. Increasing landscape forest cover reduced exotic, but not native or endemic richness. Species composition of old‐growth forests was unique compared to all other land uses and forest‐derived, not fallow‐derived vanilla agroforests, had a similar endemic species composition to forest fragments. Main conclusions Our results indicate that old‐growth forests and forest fragments are indispensable for maintaining endemic herbaceous plants. We further show that the land‐use history of agroforests should be considered in conservation policy. In forest‐derived vanilla agroforests, management incentives are needed to halt loss of canopy closure, thereby maintaining or even enhancing endemics. In conclusion, considering species origin (endemic, native and exotic) and composition is essential for the identification of suitable management practices to avoid irreversible species loss.

ACS Style

Estelle Raveloaritiana; Annemarie Wurz; Ingo Grass; Kristina Osen; Marie Rolande Soazafy; Dominic A. Martin; Lucien Faliniaina; Nantenaina H. Rakotomalala; Maria S. Vorontsova; Teja Tscharntke; Bakolimalala Rakouth. Land‐use intensification increases richness of native and exotic herbaceous plants, but not endemics, in Malagasy vanilla landscapes. Diversity and Distributions 2021, 27, 784 -798.

AMA Style

Estelle Raveloaritiana, Annemarie Wurz, Ingo Grass, Kristina Osen, Marie Rolande Soazafy, Dominic A. Martin, Lucien Faliniaina, Nantenaina H. Rakotomalala, Maria S. Vorontsova, Teja Tscharntke, Bakolimalala Rakouth. Land‐use intensification increases richness of native and exotic herbaceous plants, but not endemics, in Malagasy vanilla landscapes. Diversity and Distributions. 2021; 27 (5):784-798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estelle Raveloaritiana; Annemarie Wurz; Ingo Grass; Kristina Osen; Marie Rolande Soazafy; Dominic A. Martin; Lucien Faliniaina; Nantenaina H. Rakotomalala; Maria S. Vorontsova; Teja Tscharntke; Bakolimalala Rakouth. 2021. "Land‐use intensification increases richness of native and exotic herbaceous plants, but not endemics, in Malagasy vanilla landscapes." Diversity and Distributions 27, no. 5: 784-798.

Journal article
Published: 09 February 2021 in Basic and Applied Ecology
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Agri-environment schemes, like flower fields, have been implemented in the EU to counteract the dramatic decline of farmland biodiversity. Farmers in Lower Saxony, Germany, may receive payments for three flower field types: annual, perennial (five years old), and mixed flower fields composed of yearly alternating annual and biannual parts. We assessed the effectiveness of these flower field types in providing bumblebee foraging habitat compared to control cereal fields. We sampled bumblebees with transect walks and assessed the richness of exploited pollen plants using DNA meta-barcoding and direct observations. All flower field types enhanced bumblebee abundance and species richness compared to control fields but attracted mostly three generalist species. Although we expected highest benefits from the more heterogeneous mixed flower fields, abundance was highest in annual, only intermediate in mixed, and lowest in perennial flower fields. Bumblebee species richness did not differ between flower field types. Overall, the proportion of sown plants in pollen loads was surprisingly low (< 50%). Bombus pascuorum, but not B. terrestris agg., exploited 10% of the sown plant species in perennial, 36% in annual and 45% in mixed flower fields, respectively. Compared to direct observations, pollen samples revealed 4.5 times more visited plant species and thus assessed floral resource use more reliably. Plant species richness in pollen loads decreased with local flowering plant species richness and increased with proportion of annual crops in the landscape, potentially due to the exploitation of more diverse and scattered resources, including flowering crops, in homogenized landscapes to fulfil dietary requirements. Our results indicate that under the current management, both annual and mixed flower fields provide the most attractive food resources, while perennial flower fields offered the poorest foraging habitats. Conclusively, flower fields seem important but resources from the surrounding landscape are still needed to sustain bumblebees in agricultural landscapes.

ACS Style

Julia Piko; Alexander Keller; Costanza Geppert; Péter Batáry; Teja Tscharntke; Catrin Westphal; Annika L. Hass. Effects of three flower field types on bumblebees and their pollen diets. Basic and Applied Ecology 2021, 52, 95 -108.

AMA Style

Julia Piko, Alexander Keller, Costanza Geppert, Péter Batáry, Teja Tscharntke, Catrin Westphal, Annika L. Hass. Effects of three flower field types on bumblebees and their pollen diets. Basic and Applied Ecology. 2021; 52 ():95-108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julia Piko; Alexander Keller; Costanza Geppert; Péter Batáry; Teja Tscharntke; Catrin Westphal; Annika L. Hass. 2021. "Effects of three flower field types on bumblebees and their pollen diets." Basic and Applied Ecology 52, no. : 95-108.

Research paper
Published: 24 January 2021 in Global Ecology and Biogeography
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Aim It is widely accepted that biodiversity is influenced by both niche‐related and spatial processes from local to global scales. Their relative importance, however, is still disputed, and empirical tests are surprisingly scarce at the global scale. Here, we compare the importance of area (as a proxy for pure spatial processes) and environmental heterogeneity (as a proxy for niche‐related processes) for predicting native mammal species richness world‐wide and within biogeographical regions. Location Global. Time period We analyse a spatial snapshot of richness data collated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Major taxa studied All terrestrial mammal species, including possibly extinct species and species with uncertain presence. Methods We applied a spreading dye algorithm to analyse how native mammal species richness changes with area and environmental heterogeneity. As measures for environmental heterogeneity, we used elevation ranges and precipitation ranges, which are well‐known correlates of species richness. Results We found that environmental heterogeneity explained species richness relationships better than did area, suggesting that niche‐related processes are more prevalent than pure area effects at broad scales. Main conclusions Our results imply that niche‐related processes are essential to understand broad‐scale species–area relationships and that habitat diversity is more important than area alone for the protection of global biodiversity.

ACS Style

Kristy Udy; Matthias Fritsch; Katrin M. Meyer; Ingo Grass; Sebastian Hanß; Florian Hartig; Thomas Kneib; Holger Kreft; Collins B. Kukunda; Guy Pe’Er; Hannah Reininghaus; Britta Tietjen; Teja Tscharntke; Clara‐Sophie van Waveren; Kerstin Wiegand. Environmental heterogeneity predicts global species richness patterns better than area. Global Ecology and Biogeography 2021, 30, 842 -851.

AMA Style

Kristy Udy, Matthias Fritsch, Katrin M. Meyer, Ingo Grass, Sebastian Hanß, Florian Hartig, Thomas Kneib, Holger Kreft, Collins B. Kukunda, Guy Pe’Er, Hannah Reininghaus, Britta Tietjen, Teja Tscharntke, Clara‐Sophie van Waveren, Kerstin Wiegand. Environmental heterogeneity predicts global species richness patterns better than area. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2021; 30 (4):842-851.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristy Udy; Matthias Fritsch; Katrin M. Meyer; Ingo Grass; Sebastian Hanß; Florian Hartig; Thomas Kneib; Holger Kreft; Collins B. Kukunda; Guy Pe’Er; Hannah Reininghaus; Britta Tietjen; Teja Tscharntke; Clara‐Sophie van Waveren; Kerstin Wiegand. 2021. "Environmental heterogeneity predicts global species richness patterns better than area." Global Ecology and Biogeography 30, no. 4: 842-851.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2020 in Oecologia
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Strong declines of grassland species diversity in small and isolated grassland patches have been observed at local and landscape scales. Here, we study how plant–herbivore interaction webs and habitat specialisation of leafhopper communities change with the size of calcareous grassland fragments and landscape connectivity. We surveyed leafhoppers and plants on 14 small (0.1–0.6 ha) and 14 large (1.2–8.8 ha) semi-natural calcareous grassland fragments in Central Germany, differing in isolation from other calcareous grasslands and in the percentage of arable land in the surrounding landscape (from simple to complex landscapes). We quantified weighted trophic links between plants and their phytophagous leafhoppers for each grassland fragment. We found that large and well-connected grassland fragments harboured a high portion of specialist leafhopper species, which in turn yielded low interaction diversity and simple plant-leafhopper food webs. In contrast, small and well-connected fragments exhibited high levels of generalism, leading to higher interaction diversity. In conclusion, food web complexity appeared to be a poor indicator for the management of insect diversity, as it is driven by specialist species, which require high connectivity of large fragments in complex landscapes. We conclude that habitat specialists should be prioritized since generalist species associated with small fragments are also widespread in the surrounding landscape matrix.

ACS Style

Péter Batáry; Verena Rösch; Carsten F. Dormann; Teja Tscharntke. Increasing connectivity enhances habitat specialists but simplifies plant–insect food webs. Oecologia 2020, 195, 539 -546.

AMA Style

Péter Batáry, Verena Rösch, Carsten F. Dormann, Teja Tscharntke. Increasing connectivity enhances habitat specialists but simplifies plant–insect food webs. Oecologia. 2020; 195 (2):539-546.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Péter Batáry; Verena Rösch; Carsten F. Dormann; Teja Tscharntke. 2020. "Increasing connectivity enhances habitat specialists but simplifies plant–insect food webs." Oecologia 195, no. 2: 539-546.

Article
Published: 07 December 2020 in Ecosystems
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Agroforestry can contribute to an increase in tree cover in historically forested tropical landscapes with associated gains in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but only if established on open land instead of underneath a forest canopy. However, declines in yields with increasing shade are common across agroforestry crops, driving shade-tree removal in forest-derived agroforests and hindering tree regrowth in open-land-derived agroforests. To understand trajectories of change in tree cover in forest- and open-land-derived agroforests, and the impacts of tree cover on vanilla yields, we studied 209 vanilla agroforests along an 88-year chronosequence in Madagascar. Additionally, we used remotely sensed canopy cover data to investigate tree cover change in the agricultural landscape. We found yields to vary widely but independently of canopy cover and land-use history (forest- vs. open-land-derived), averaging at 154.6 kg ha−1 year−1 (SD = 186.9). Furthermore, we found that forest- and open-land-derived vanilla agroforests gained canopy cover over time, but that only open-land-derived agroforests gained canopy height. Canopy cover increased also at the landscape scale: areas in the agricultural landscape with medium initial canopy cover gained 6.4% canopy cover over 10 years, but canopy cover decreased in areas with high initial canopy cover. These opposing trends suggest tree cover rehabilitation across areas covered by vanilla agroforests, whereas remnant forest fragments in the agricultural landscape were transformed or degraded. Our results indicate that yield-neutral tree rehabilitation through open-land-derived agroforestry could, if coupled with effective forest protection, provide benefits for both ecosystem functions and agricultural production in a smallholder-dominated agricultural landscape.

ACS Style

Dominic Andreas Martin; Annemarie Wurz; Kristina Osen; Ingo Grass; Dirk Hölscher; Thorien Rabemanantsoa; Teja Tscharntke; Holger Kreft. Shade-Tree Rehabilitation in Vanilla Agroforests is Yield Neutral and May Translate into Landscape-Scale Canopy Cover Gains. Ecosystems 2020, 24, 1253 -1267.

AMA Style

Dominic Andreas Martin, Annemarie Wurz, Kristina Osen, Ingo Grass, Dirk Hölscher, Thorien Rabemanantsoa, Teja Tscharntke, Holger Kreft. Shade-Tree Rehabilitation in Vanilla Agroforests is Yield Neutral and May Translate into Landscape-Scale Canopy Cover Gains. Ecosystems. 2020; 24 (5):1253-1267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominic Andreas Martin; Annemarie Wurz; Kristina Osen; Ingo Grass; Dirk Hölscher; Thorien Rabemanantsoa; Teja Tscharntke; Holger Kreft. 2020. "Shade-Tree Rehabilitation in Vanilla Agroforests is Yield Neutral and May Translate into Landscape-Scale Canopy Cover Gains." Ecosystems 24, no. 5: 1253-1267.

Research article
Published: 21 November 2020 in Landscape Ecology
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Context Biological weed control by seed predators is an ecosystem service reducing weed population densities in agricultural landscapes. Drivers of seed predation are manifold and may change with spatial scales considered. Objectives We aimed at identifying the functional identity of seed predators, food web interactions and feeding links between weed and wheat seeds, considering the causal relationships between local and landscape-scale patterns. Methods We investigated direct and indirect effects of local management intensity in winter wheat fields (organic vs. conventional farming), local crop characteristics (wheat density and height), edge effects, landscape composition (measured as land-use diversity) and configuration (edge length) on carabid beetles of different body size (large vs. small carabids), and removal of weed and wheat seeds. Results We showed the importance of indirect local- and landscape-scale effects for weed seed removal via the activity density, but not assemblage composition, of large, but not small carabids, which was driven by few ubiquitous species. The activity density of large carabids increased with decreasing wheat density and increasing wheat height, which was highest in organic fields and in landscapes with low compositional and configurational heterogeneity. Further, the availability of nutrient-rich wheat seeds enhanced weed seed removal rates. Conclusions We found highest weed seed removal via large carabids in organic fields in large-scale agricultural landscapes. Predator body size and species identity as well as the availability of additional food items need to be taken into account for better predicting the biological weed control potential and reducing the use of plant protection products.

ACS Style

Christina Fischer; Friederike Riesch; Teja Tscharntke; Péter Batáry. Large carabids enhance weed seed removal in organic fields and in large-scale, but not small-scale agriculture. Landscape Ecology 2020, 36, 427 -438.

AMA Style

Christina Fischer, Friederike Riesch, Teja Tscharntke, Péter Batáry. Large carabids enhance weed seed removal in organic fields and in large-scale, but not small-scale agriculture. Landscape Ecology. 2020; 36 (2):427-438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina Fischer; Friederike Riesch; Teja Tscharntke; Péter Batáry. 2020. "Large carabids enhance weed seed removal in organic fields and in large-scale, but not small-scale agriculture." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 2: 427-438.

Letter
Published: 17 November 2020 in Ecology Letters
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Measuring habitat specialisation is pivotal for predicting species extinctions and for understanding consequences on ecosystem functioning. Here, we sampled pollinator and natural enemy communities in all major habitat types occurring across multiple agricultural landscapes and used species–habitat networks to determine how habitat specialisation changed along gradients in landscape composition and configuration. Although it is well known that landscape simplification often causes the replacement of specialists with generalists, our study provided evidence for intraspecific variation in habitat specialisation, highlighting how a large number of arthropod species adapted their way of selecting habitat resources depending on the landscape structure. Groups with higher diet specialisation and limited foraging flexibility appeared to have a reduced ability to respond to landscape changes, indicating that some arthropod taxa are better able than others to adapt to an increasingly broad set of resources and persist in highly impacted landscapes.

ACS Style

Francesco Lami; Ignasi Bartomeus; Davide Nardi; Tatiane Beduschi; Francesco Boscutti; Paolo Pantini; Giacomo Santoiemma; Christoph Scherber; Teja Tscharntke; Lorenzo Marini. Species–habitat networks elucidate landscape effects on habitat specialisation of natural enemies and pollinators. Ecology Letters 2020, 24, 288 -297.

AMA Style

Francesco Lami, Ignasi Bartomeus, Davide Nardi, Tatiane Beduschi, Francesco Boscutti, Paolo Pantini, Giacomo Santoiemma, Christoph Scherber, Teja Tscharntke, Lorenzo Marini. Species–habitat networks elucidate landscape effects on habitat specialisation of natural enemies and pollinators. Ecology Letters. 2020; 24 (2):288-297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Lami; Ignasi Bartomeus; Davide Nardi; Tatiane Beduschi; Francesco Boscutti; Paolo Pantini; Giacomo Santoiemma; Christoph Scherber; Teja Tscharntke; Lorenzo Marini. 2020. "Species–habitat networks elucidate landscape effects on habitat specialisation of natural enemies and pollinators." Ecology Letters 24, no. 2: 288-297.

Research article
Published: 20 October 2020 in Journal of Applied Ecology
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Land‐use change is the main driver of deforestation and land degradation resulting in the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in north‐eastern Madagascar. Vanilla, the region's main cash crop, is grown in agroforestry systems and may provide an opportunity for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We used dummy caterpillars to assess predation rates and predator communities along a land‐use gradient including unburned old‐growth and forest fragments, herbaceous and woody fallows after shifting cultivation with fire usage, as well as rice paddies. The studied vanilla agroforests were either forest‐derived or fallow‐derived. Besides land‐use type, we considered the effects of land‐use history (unburned/burned), plot‐level parameters and the landscape composition to conclude on management recommendations. Old‐growth forest and forest fragments exhibited highest predation rates, which decreased with land‐use intensity. Overall, predation was higher in unburned land‐use types than in more open, previously burned habitats and rice paddies. High stem and vegetation densities were positively related to predation rates, but decreased with land‐use intensity. High forest cover in the surrounding landscape led to higher predation rates, while local structural parameters remained more important. The predator community was arthropod‐dominated across all land‐use types with ants responsible for between 33% and 69% of all predation events. Overall predator composition in old‐growth and forest fragments differed from all other land‐use types. Predation by Gryllacrididae (Orthoptera) was lower in all land‐use types, including forest‐derived vanilla, than in old‐growth forest and forest fragments, where they were important contributors to total predation. Vertebrate predation was low throughout. Synthesis and applications. Forested habitats feature higher predation rates and different predator compositions than other land‐use systems. Maintaining or restoring tree‐ and understorey‐rich vanilla agroforestry represents a viable tool in landscape conservation programmes as it has the potential to contribute to the conservation of predation as an important ecosystem function in both forest‐ and fallow‐derived agroforests. However, vanilla agroforestry has limited value in conserving forest‐specialized predator communities. While the establishment of tree‐rich agroforests on former fallow land is favourable for conservation ecosystem functioning, further forest transformation should be avoided.

ACS Style

Dominik Schwab; Annemarie Wurz; Ingo Grass; Anjaharinony A. N. A. Rakotomalala; Kristina Osen; Marie Rolande Soazafy; Dominic A. Martin; Teja Tscharntke. Decreasing predation rates and shifting predator compositions along a land‐use gradient in Madagascar's vanilla landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology 2020, 58, 360 -371.

AMA Style

Dominik Schwab, Annemarie Wurz, Ingo Grass, Anjaharinony A. N. A. Rakotomalala, Kristina Osen, Marie Rolande Soazafy, Dominic A. Martin, Teja Tscharntke. Decreasing predation rates and shifting predator compositions along a land‐use gradient in Madagascar's vanilla landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2020; 58 (2):360-371.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominik Schwab; Annemarie Wurz; Ingo Grass; Anjaharinony A. N. A. Rakotomalala; Kristina Osen; Marie Rolande Soazafy; Dominic A. Martin; Teja Tscharntke. 2020. "Decreasing predation rates and shifting predator compositions along a land‐use gradient in Madagascar's vanilla landscapes." Journal of Applied Ecology 58, no. 2: 360-371.

Research article
Published: 11 October 2020 in Journal of Applied Ecology
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1. Many farmers are facing high economic risks if pollinator declines continue or temporal and spatial variation in wild bee communities cause reduced pollination services. Co‐flowering crops might compete for pollinators, while they also might facilitate the delivery of pollination services. This rarely studied topic is of particular interest with respect to the foraging decisions of bees from different functional groups and when more sparsely and mass‐flowering crops are in bloom at the same time. 2. The abundance of honey bees, bumble bees and solitary bees in strawberry fields was quantified with transect walks along a gradient of oilseed rape (OSR) availability (product of OSR land cover and temporally changing OSR flower cover). We established a pollination experiment with pollination treatments (open‐, wind‐ and self‐pollination) to study the effects of insect pollination on strawberry fruit weight and quality. 3. Changes in OSR availability exhibited contrasting effects on social versus solitary bees in strawberry fields. Bumble bees and honey bees were less abundant in strawberry fields when OSR availability was high, whereas solitary bees were facilitated. With more strawberry flowers we found more bees in general. 4. When flowers were open‐pollinated they resulted in heavier fruits with better commercial grades compared to wind‐and self‐pollinated flowers. A higher bee abundance enhanced the strawberry fruit weight and quality but depended on flower order and variety. 5. Synthesis and applications. Sparsely flowering crops may compete with mass‐flowering crops for social bee pollinators while solitary pollinators in the field might be even facilitated. To ensure best fruit weight and quality it can be beneficial to support bee abundance in the field. While some social and solitary bee species can be managed for pollination services, wild bees, in particular solitary species, should be conserved and promoted for stable crop pollination services in dynamic agricultural landscapes.

ACS Style

Svenja Bänsch; Teja Tscharntke; Doreen Gabriel; Catrin Westphal. Crop pollination services: Complementary resource use by social vs solitary bees facing crops with contrasting flower supply. Journal of Applied Ecology 2020, 58, 476 -485.

AMA Style

Svenja Bänsch, Teja Tscharntke, Doreen Gabriel, Catrin Westphal. Crop pollination services: Complementary resource use by social vs solitary bees facing crops with contrasting flower supply. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2020; 58 (3):476-485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Svenja Bänsch; Teja Tscharntke; Doreen Gabriel; Catrin Westphal. 2020. "Crop pollination services: Complementary resource use by social vs solitary bees facing crops with contrasting flower supply." Journal of Applied Ecology 58, no. 3: 476-485.

Letters
Published: 18 August 2020 in Ecology Letters
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Floral plantings are promoted to foster ecological intensification of agriculture through provisioning of ecosystem services. However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control (18 studies) and pollination services (17 studies) in adjacent crops in North America, Europe and New Zealand. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimise floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future.

ACS Style

Matthias Albrecht; David Kleijn; Neal M. Williams; Matthias Tschumi; Brett R. Blaauw; Riccardo Bommarco; Alistair Campbell; Matteo Dainese; Francis A. Drummond; Martin H. Entling; Dominik Ganser; G. Arjen de Groot; Dave Goulson; Heather Grab; Hannah Hamilton; Felix Herzog; Rufus Isaacs; Katja Jacot; Philippe Jeanneret; Mattias Jonsson; Eva Knop; Claire Kremen; Douglas A. Landis; Gregory M. Loeb; Lorenzo Marini; Megan McKerchar; Lora Morandin; Sonja C. Pfister; Simon G. Potts; Maj Rundlöf; Hillary Sardiñas; Amber Sciligo; Carsten Thies; Teja Tscharntke; Eric Venturini; Eve Veromann; Ines M.G. Vollhardt; Felix Wäckers; Kimiora Ward; Duncan B. Westbury; Andrew Wilby; Megan Woltz; Steve Wratten; Louis Sutter. The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis. Ecology Letters 2020, 23, 1488 -1498.

AMA Style

Matthias Albrecht, David Kleijn, Neal M. Williams, Matthias Tschumi, Brett R. Blaauw, Riccardo Bommarco, Alistair Campbell, Matteo Dainese, Francis A. Drummond, Martin H. Entling, Dominik Ganser, G. Arjen de Groot, Dave Goulson, Heather Grab, Hannah Hamilton, Felix Herzog, Rufus Isaacs, Katja Jacot, Philippe Jeanneret, Mattias Jonsson, Eva Knop, Claire Kremen, Douglas A. Landis, Gregory M. Loeb, Lorenzo Marini, Megan McKerchar, Lora Morandin, Sonja C. Pfister, Simon G. Potts, Maj Rundlöf, Hillary Sardiñas, Amber Sciligo, Carsten Thies, Teja Tscharntke, Eric Venturini, Eve Veromann, Ines M.G. Vollhardt, Felix Wäckers, Kimiora Ward, Duncan B. Westbury, Andrew Wilby, Megan Woltz, Steve Wratten, Louis Sutter. The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis. Ecology Letters. 2020; 23 (10):1488-1498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthias Albrecht; David Kleijn; Neal M. Williams; Matthias Tschumi; Brett R. Blaauw; Riccardo Bommarco; Alistair Campbell; Matteo Dainese; Francis A. Drummond; Martin H. Entling; Dominik Ganser; G. Arjen de Groot; Dave Goulson; Heather Grab; Hannah Hamilton; Felix Herzog; Rufus Isaacs; Katja Jacot; Philippe Jeanneret; Mattias Jonsson; Eva Knop; Claire Kremen; Douglas A. Landis; Gregory M. Loeb; Lorenzo Marini; Megan McKerchar; Lora Morandin; Sonja C. Pfister; Simon G. Potts; Maj Rundlöf; Hillary Sardiñas; Amber Sciligo; Carsten Thies; Teja Tscharntke; Eric Venturini; Eve Veromann; Ines M.G. Vollhardt; Felix Wäckers; Kimiora Ward; Duncan B. Westbury; Andrew Wilby; Megan Woltz; Steve Wratten; Louis Sutter. 2020. "The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis." Ecology Letters 23, no. 10: 1488-1498.

Reviews and syntheses
Published: 15 June 2020 in Ecology Letters
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Agriculture and development transform forest ecosystems to human‐modified landscapes. Decades of research in ecology have generated myriad concepts for the appropriate management of these landscapes. Yet, these concepts are often contradictory and apply at different spatial scales, making the design of biodiversity‐friendly landscapes challenging. Here, we combine concepts with empirical support to design optimal landscape scenarios for forest‐dwelling species. The supported concepts indicate that appropriately sized landscapes should contain ≥ 40% forest cover, although higher percentages are likely needed in the tropics. Forest cover should be configured with c . 10% in a very large forest patch, and the remaining 30% in many evenly dispersed smaller patches and semi‐natural treed elements (e.g. vegetation corridors). Importantly, the patches should be embedded in a high‐quality matrix. The proposed landscape scenarios represent an optimal compromise between delivery of goods and services to humans and preserving most forest wildlife, and can therefore guide forest preservation and restoration strategies.

ACS Style

Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez; Lenore Fahrig; Marcelo Tabarelli; James I. Watling; Lutz Tischendorf; Maíra Benchimol; Eliana Cazetta; Deborah Faria; Inara R. Leal; Felipe P. L. Melo; Jose C. Morante‐Filho; Bráulio A. Santos; Ricard Arasa‐Gisbert; Norma Arce‐Peña; Martín J. Cervantes‐López; Sabine Cudney‐Valenzuela; Carmen Galán‐Acedo; Miriam San‐José; Ima C. G. Vieira; J.W. Ferry Slik; A. Justin Nowakowski; Teja Tscharntke. Designing optimal human‐modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters 2020, 23, 1404 -1420.

AMA Style

Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez, Lenore Fahrig, Marcelo Tabarelli, James I. Watling, Lutz Tischendorf, Maíra Benchimol, Eliana Cazetta, Deborah Faria, Inara R. Leal, Felipe P. L. Melo, Jose C. Morante‐Filho, Bráulio A. Santos, Ricard Arasa‐Gisbert, Norma Arce‐Peña, Martín J. Cervantes‐López, Sabine Cudney‐Valenzuela, Carmen Galán‐Acedo, Miriam San‐José, Ima C. G. Vieira, J.W. Ferry Slik, A. Justin Nowakowski, Teja Tscharntke. Designing optimal human‐modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters. 2020; 23 (9):1404-1420.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez; Lenore Fahrig; Marcelo Tabarelli; James I. Watling; Lutz Tischendorf; Maíra Benchimol; Eliana Cazetta; Deborah Faria; Inara R. Leal; Felipe P. L. Melo; Jose C. Morante‐Filho; Bráulio A. Santos; Ricard Arasa‐Gisbert; Norma Arce‐Peña; Martín J. Cervantes‐López; Sabine Cudney‐Valenzuela; Carmen Galán‐Acedo; Miriam San‐José; Ima C. G. Vieira; J.W. Ferry Slik; A. Justin Nowakowski; Teja Tscharntke. 2020. "Designing optimal human‐modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation." Ecology Letters 23, no. 9: 1404-1420.

Policy perspective
Published: 14 June 2020 in Conservation Letters
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Agroforestry is widely promoted as a potential solution to address multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals, including Zero Hunger, Responsible Consumption and Production, Climate Action, and Life on Land. Nonetheless, agroforests in the tropics often result from direct forest conversions, displacing rapidly vanishing and highly biodiverse forests with large carbon stocks, causing undesirable trade‐offs. Scientists thus debate whether the promotion of agroforestry in tropical landscapes is a sensible policy. So far, this debate typically fails to consider land‐use history, that is, whether an agroforest is derived from forest or from open land. Indeed, 57% of papers which we systematically reviewed did not describe the land‐use history of focal agroforestry systems. We further find that forest‐derived agroforestry supports higher biodiversity than open‐land‐derived agroforestry but essentially represents a degradation of forest, whereas open‐land‐derived agroforestry rehabilitates formerly forested open land. Based on a conceptual framework, we recommend to (a) promote agroforestry on suitable open land, (b) maintain tree cover in existing forest‐derived agroforests, and (c) conserve remaining forests. Land‐use history should be incorporated into land‐use policy to avoid incentivizing forest degradation and to harness the potential of agroforestry for ecosystem services and biodiversity.

ACS Style

Dominic Andreas Martin; Kristina Osen; Ingo Grass; Dirk Hölscher; Teja Tscharntke; Annemarie Wurz; Holger Kreft. Land‐use history determines ecosystem services and conservation value in tropical agroforestry. Conservation Letters 2020, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

Dominic Andreas Martin, Kristina Osen, Ingo Grass, Dirk Hölscher, Teja Tscharntke, Annemarie Wurz, Holger Kreft. Land‐use history determines ecosystem services and conservation value in tropical agroforestry. Conservation Letters. 2020; 13 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominic Andreas Martin; Kristina Osen; Ingo Grass; Dirk Hölscher; Teja Tscharntke; Annemarie Wurz; Holger Kreft. 2020. "Land‐use history determines ecosystem services and conservation value in tropical agroforestry." Conservation Letters 13, no. 5: 1.

Review
Published: 04 June 2020 in Biologia Futura
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European nature conservation has a strong focus on farmland harbouring threatened species that mainly co-occur with traditional agriculture shaped way before the green revolution. Increased land-use intensity in agriculture has caused an alarming decline in farmland biodiversity during the last century. How can a landscape perspective contribute to fostering our understanding on causes and consequences of farmland biodiversity decline and improving the effectiveness of conservation measures? To answer these questions, we discuss the importance of landscape compositional and configurational heterogeneity, understanding ecological mechanisms determining how landscape structure affects farmland biodiversity and considering the interplay of farmland biodiversity and ecosystem service conservation.

ACS Style

Péter Batáry; András Báldi; Johan Ekroos; Róbert Gallé; Ingo Grass; Teja Tscharntke. Biologia Futura: landscape perspectives on farmland biodiversity conservation. Biologia Futura 2020, 71, 9 -18.

AMA Style

Péter Batáry, András Báldi, Johan Ekroos, Róbert Gallé, Ingo Grass, Teja Tscharntke. Biologia Futura: landscape perspectives on farmland biodiversity conservation. Biologia Futura. 2020; 71 (1-2):9-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Péter Batáry; András Báldi; Johan Ekroos; Róbert Gallé; Ingo Grass; Teja Tscharntke. 2020. "Biologia Futura: landscape perspectives on farmland biodiversity conservation." Biologia Futura 71, no. 1-2: 9-18.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in European Journal of Ecology
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Intensive mosquito control programs are likely to contribute to insect diversity loss, but these effects are both underestimated and understudied. We recommend to conduct direct biodiversity monitoring programs to understand the effects of both chemical and biological control.

ACS Style

Edina Török; Axel Hochkirch; Zoltán Soltész; Teja Tscharntke; Péter Batáry. The Unmeasured ecological effect of mosquito control. European Journal of Ecology 2020, 6, 71 -76.

AMA Style

Edina Török, Axel Hochkirch, Zoltán Soltész, Teja Tscharntke, Péter Batáry. The Unmeasured ecological effect of mosquito control. European Journal of Ecology. 2020; 6 (1):71-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edina Török; Axel Hochkirch; Zoltán Soltész; Teja Tscharntke; Péter Batáry. 2020. "The Unmeasured ecological effect of mosquito control." European Journal of Ecology 6, no. 1: 71-76.

Article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Ecosphere
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Urbanization affects pollinator diversity and plant–pollinator networks by changing resource availability locally and in the surrounding landscape. We experimentally established (N = 12) standardized plant communities in farmland, villages, and cities to identify the relative role of local and landscape effects on plant–pollinator communities along this urbanization gradient. We found that the number of flower visits by solitary bees, but not bumblebees, was highest in cities and lowest in farmland, with villages being intermediate, whereas syrphid flies exhibited lowest numbers in cities. Villages supported the richest pollinator communities, as they appeared to benefit from both farmland and city communities. Plant–pollinator network metrics such as robustness, interaction evenness, and interaction diversity decreased with increasing urbanization, although local plant richness increased toward urban areas. In conclusion, pollinator communities were most diverse and stable in farmland and village sites, despite the high plant richness in cities. The different composition of pollinator communities along the urbanization gradient suggests considering all three landscape types for conservation schemes.

ACS Style

Kristy L. Udy; Hannah Reininghaus; Christoph Scherber; Teja Tscharntke. Plant–pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes. Ecosphere 2020, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Kristy L. Udy, Hannah Reininghaus, Christoph Scherber, Teja Tscharntke. Plant–pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes. Ecosphere. 2020; 11 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristy L. Udy; Hannah Reininghaus; Christoph Scherber; Teja Tscharntke. 2020. "Plant–pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes." Ecosphere 11, no. 2: 1.

Letter
Published: 08 July 2019 in Ecology Letters
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Agri-environment management (AEM) started in the 1980s in Europe to mitigate biodiversity decline, but the effectiveness of AEM has been questioned. We hypothesize that this is caused by a lack of a large enough ecological contrast between AEM and non-treated control sites. The effectiveness of AEM may be moderated by landscape structure and land-use intensity. Here, we examined the influence of local ecological contrast, landscape structure and regional land-use intensity on AEM effectiveness in a meta-analysis of 62 European pollinator studies. We found that ecological contrast was most important in determining the effectiveness of AEM, but landscape structure and regional land-use intensity played also a role. In conclusion, the most successful way to enhance AEM effectiveness for pollinators is to implement measures that result in a large ecological improvement at a local scale, which exhibit a strong contrast to conventional practices in simple landscapes of intensive land-use regions.

ACS Style

Riho Marja; David Kleijn; Teja Tscharntke; Alexandra‐Maria Klein; Thomas Frank; Péter Batáry. Effectiveness of agri-environmental management on pollinators is moderated more by ecological contrast than by landscape structure or land-use intensity. Ecology Letters 2019, 22, 1493 -1500.

AMA Style

Riho Marja, David Kleijn, Teja Tscharntke, Alexandra‐Maria Klein, Thomas Frank, Péter Batáry. Effectiveness of agri-environmental management on pollinators is moderated more by ecological contrast than by landscape structure or land-use intensity. Ecology Letters. 2019; 22 (9):1493-1500.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Riho Marja; David Kleijn; Teja Tscharntke; Alexandra‐Maria Klein; Thomas Frank; Péter Batáry. 2019. "Effectiveness of agri-environmental management on pollinators is moderated more by ecological contrast than by landscape structure or land-use intensity." Ecology Letters 22, no. 9: 1493-1500.

Review
Published: 08 May 2019 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is an economically important crop, yet it plays a major role in tropical deforestation and has significant negative impacts on biodiversity. The ecological drivers of oil palm pollination are still poorly understood, despite pollination being a key ecosystem service for the yield of this multi-billion-dollar industry, with potential links to biodiversity conservation. Here we review biotic and abiotic drivers of pollination and known oil palm pollinators, including local insect species endemic to specific growing regions, and an important, globally-introduced West African weevil (Elaeidobius kamerunicus) whose fluctuating populations have led to concerns about yield and resilience. Future research should clarify pollinator community dynamics to facilitate pollination complementarity, which may strengthen pollination services in regions beyond the oil palm and weevil’s native West African ecosystem. In addition, other interactions such as mutualism, predation, and parasitism are not yet well understood, but could provide further insight into population drivers. Future management research should explore manipulating male palm inflorescence density, a key resource for pollinators, as well as investigate spatial and landscape effects on pollinator populations. Critically, no studies have investigated the effects of climate change on pollination, despite the impacts of rain and temperature on pollination efficiency. A greater understanding of the role of pollinator species and their nonlinear relationships to yield, as well as the complexity of biotic, management, and climate drivers of successful pollination can contribute to a more sustainable oil palm production system that values ecosystem services gained from biodiversity, while also improving producer livelihoods.

ACS Style

Kevin Li; Teja Tscharntke; Barbara Saintes; Damayanti Buchori; Ingo Grass. Critical factors limiting pollination success in oil palm: A systematic review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2019, 280, 152 -160.

AMA Style

Kevin Li, Teja Tscharntke, Barbara Saintes, Damayanti Buchori, Ingo Grass. Critical factors limiting pollination success in oil palm: A systematic review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2019; 280 ():152-160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kevin Li; Teja Tscharntke; Barbara Saintes; Damayanti Buchori; Ingo Grass. 2019. "Critical factors limiting pollination success in oil palm: A systematic review." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 280, no. : 152-160.