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Min An
College of Economics and Management, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China

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Journal article
Published: 03 December 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The Beijing–Tianji–Hebei region (BTHR) is economically developed and densely populated, but its water resources are extremely scarce. A clear understanding of the decoupling relationship between water footprint and economic growth is conducive to facilitating and realizing the coordinated development of water resources and economic growth in this region. This study calculated the water footprint and other related indicators of BTHR from 2004 to 2017, and objectively evaluated the utilization of water resources in the region. Then, logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method was applied to study the driving factors that resulted in the change of water footprint and their respective effects. Finally, Tapio decoupling model was used to research the decoupling relationships between water footprint and economic growth, and between the driving factors of water footprint and economic growth. There are three main results in this research. (1) The water utilization efficiency in BTHR continues to improve, and the water footprint shows a gradually increasing trend during the research period, among which the agricultural water footprint accounts for a relatively high proportion. (2) The change of water footprint can be attributed to efficiency effect, economic effect, and population effect. Furthermore, efficiency effect is the decisive factor of water footprint reduction and economic effect is the main factor of water footprint increase, while population effect plays a weak role in promoting the increase in water footprint. (3) The decoupling status between water footprint and economic growth show a weak decoupling in most years, while the status between water footprint intensity and economic growth always remains strong decoupling. Moreover, population size and economic growth always show an expansive coupling state. In sum, it is advisable for policy makers to improve water utilization efficiency, especially agricultural irrigation efficiency, to raise residents’ awareness of water conservation, and increase the import of water-intensive products, so as to alleviate water shortage and realize the coordinated development of water resources and economic growth in BTHR.

ACS Style

Yang Kong; Weijun He; Liang Yuan; Juqin Shen; Min An; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Xin Gao; Zhaofang Zhang; Fuhua Sun; Zhongchi Wan. Decoupling Analysis of Water Footprint and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region from 2004 to 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4873 .

AMA Style

Yang Kong, Weijun He, Liang Yuan, Juqin Shen, Min An, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Xin Gao, Zhaofang Zhang, Fuhua Sun, Zhongchi Wan. Decoupling Analysis of Water Footprint and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region from 2004 to 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (23):4873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang Kong; Weijun He; Liang Yuan; Juqin Shen; Min An; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Xin Gao; Zhaofang Zhang; Fuhua Sun; Zhongchi Wan. 2019. "Decoupling Analysis of Water Footprint and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region from 2004 to 2017." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4873.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Ecological compensation standards and the allocation of compensation funds have always been the core issues of watershed ecological compensation. Due to the construction of the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP), Jiangsu Province has paid a huge cost for the protection of water resources, and local economic development has been greatly affected. Therefore, this paper takes Jiangsu Province, the water source area of the Eastern Route of the SNWTP as an example, and combines a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing technology, using the ecosystem services value method to calculate the ecosystem services value of Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2018. Then the change of this ecosystem services value in Jiangsu Province from 2015 to 2018 is taken as the basis for watershed ecological compensation standards of the Eastern Route. Through a compensation fund allocation model, watershed ecological compensation funds are allocated to four cities, Yangzhou, Huai’an, Suqian and Xuzhou, which are located along the Eastern Route of this SNWTP in Jiangsu Province. The results show that: (1) The ecosystem services value of Jiangsu Province has changed greatly. Urbanization and market environment of grain crops are the main reasons for this change; (2) the relationship between ecosystem services in Jiangsu Province is mainly synergistic; (3) Suqian receives US$24.73 million; Huai’an receives US$16.49 million; Yangzhou receives US$54.88 million and Xuzhou receives US$0.95 million in watershed ecological compensation, respectively. Watershed ecological compensation standards based upon the value of ecosystem services, and the allocation of compensation funds at the municipal level, are conducive to the improvement in efficiency of watershed ecological compensation in mainland China.

ACS Style

Xin Gao; Juqin Shen; Weijun He; Fuhua Sun; Zhaofang Zhang; Xin Zhang; Chengcai Zhang; Yang Kong; Min An; Liang Yuan; Xiaocang Xu. Changes in Ecosystem Services Value and Establishment of Watershed Ecological Compensation Standards. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2951 .

AMA Style

Xin Gao, Juqin Shen, Weijun He, Fuhua Sun, Zhaofang Zhang, Xin Zhang, Chengcai Zhang, Yang Kong, Min An, Liang Yuan, Xiaocang Xu. Changes in Ecosystem Services Value and Establishment of Watershed Ecological Compensation Standards. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (16):2951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin Gao; Juqin Shen; Weijun He; Fuhua Sun; Zhaofang Zhang; Xin Zhang; Chengcai Zhang; Yang Kong; Min An; Liang Yuan; Xiaocang Xu. 2019. "Changes in Ecosystem Services Value and Establishment of Watershed Ecological Compensation Standards." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2951.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Excess consumption of water resources and environmental pollution have become major challenges restricting sustainable development in China. In order to prevent the pollution of water resources, policymakers should have reliable emission reduction strategies. This paper aims to contribute new knowledge by analyzing the spatial-temporal characteristics and driving forces of point source emission. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) emission variations in 31 provinces and municipalities of mainland China during the years 2004–2017 are analyzed. The results obtained using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method indicate that: (1) the COD and NH4-N emission effects have similar temporal characteristics. Technology improvement and pollutant emission intensity are the main factors inhibiting the incremental COD and NH4-N emission effects, while economic development is the main driving factor of COD and NH4-N emission effects. Population increases play a relatively less important role in COD and NH4-N emission effects. (2) The spatial features of COD and NH4-N emission effects show differences among provinces and municipalities. The reduction of COD emission effects in each province and municipality is obviously better than that of NH4-N emissions. (3) In the eastern, central, and the western regions of China, the total COD emission effect shows a downward trend, while apart from the central region, the NH4-N emission effect appears to be rising in the east and west of China. Therefore, increasing investment into pollution treatment, promoting awareness of water conservation, strengthening technological and financial support from the more developed eastern to the less developed central and western regions, can help to reduce the COD and NH4-N emissions in China.

ACS Style

Zhaofang Zhang; Weijun He; Juqin Shen; Min An; Xin Gao; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Liang Yuan; Yang Kong; Chengcai Zhang; Jin Huang. The Driving Forces of Point Source Wastewater Emission: Case Study of COD and NH4-N Discharges in Mainland China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2556 .

AMA Style

Zhaofang Zhang, Weijun He, Juqin Shen, Min An, Xin Gao, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Liang Yuan, Yang Kong, Chengcai Zhang, Jin Huang. The Driving Forces of Point Source Wastewater Emission: Case Study of COD and NH4-N Discharges in Mainland China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (14):2556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhaofang Zhang; Weijun He; Juqin Shen; Min An; Xin Gao; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Liang Yuan; Yang Kong; Chengcai Zhang; Jin Huang. 2019. "The Driving Forces of Point Source Wastewater Emission: Case Study of COD and NH4-N Discharges in Mainland China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2556.

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2019 in Sustainability
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Transboundary water pollution is a long-standing problem in China, although the Chinese government has been committed to the protection of water resources. Due to the different interests of multilevel governments and the regionalization of management, there is still no unified plan to solve the transboundary water pollution in China. Watershed ecological compensation as a holistic plan to deal with transboundary water pollution is being promoted currently. Taking the South-to-North Water Transfer Project’ eastern route as an example, this paper firstly analyses stakeholders’ strategies and establishes a tripartite game model based on evolutionary game theory. Secondly, by introducing Cobb Douglas production function creatively, the supervision level of the central government is refined into supervisory attitude and supervisory skills. Thirdly, the numerical simulation is used to analyze the sensitivity of influencing factors. The results show that: (1) whether the central government supervises the local governments mainly depends on the benefits of water environment improvement and supervision costs; (2) the initial negotiation plan of the stakeholders has a significant impact on their optimum strategies; (3) the fines imposed by the central government on the local governments have a small impact on the stable state of the system; (4) the higher the eco-compensation fee, the lower their likelihood of cooperation; (5) the central government’s supervisory attitude and supervisory skills have significant effect on the sustainability of the optimum arrangement, even when willingness of upstream and downstream governments to cooperate is low; (6) the initial ecological benefits of downstream governments have no effect on the optimum strategy. Therefore, considering these insights is helpful to improve the watershed ecological compensation mechanism in order to solve transboundary water pollution and achieve the sustainability of water resources.

ACS Style

Xin Gao; Juqin Shen; Weijun He; Fuhua Sun; Zhaofang Zhang; Xin Zhang; Liang Yuan; Min An. Multilevel Governments’ Decision-Making Process and Its Influencing Factors in Watershed Ecological Compensation. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1990 .

AMA Style

Xin Gao, Juqin Shen, Weijun He, Fuhua Sun, Zhaofang Zhang, Xin Zhang, Liang Yuan, Min An. Multilevel Governments’ Decision-Making Process and Its Influencing Factors in Watershed Ecological Compensation. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (7):1990.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin Gao; Juqin Shen; Weijun He; Fuhua Sun; Zhaofang Zhang; Xin Zhang; Liang Yuan; Min An. 2019. "Multilevel Governments’ Decision-Making Process and Its Influencing Factors in Watershed Ecological Compensation." Sustainability 11, no. 7: 1990.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2019 in Water
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The sustainable development of socioeconomic and environmental systems are highly dependent on water capital and water utilization efficiency. Nowadays, a significant portion of the world is facing water security issues due to a combination of various factors. As a result, socioeconomic and environmental systems are threatened. China is also currently experiencing problems. Water security assessment helps to identify key determining factors for optimal water utilization, so the authors present the Driving Forces-Pressures-Carrying Capacity-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSCIR) water security assessment framework. Unlike previous methods, the proposed framework incorporates the carrying capacity of the environment, and as a result, yields assessment results that are more realistic. As a case study, the proposed framework coupled with the entropy method is applied to assess the water security status of the One Belt and One Road (B&R) region in China. In addition, the water security level of the provinces and municipalities in this region are simulated for the time period from 2017 to 2022 using the Grey Prediction Model. The results show that Responses, State, Pressures, and Carrying Capacity Subsystems greatly influence water security of the region. According to the assessment, water security of the area improved from 2011 to 2016. The results portray the following trend among the three subregions of the study area, the water security of the 21st Maritime Silk Road (One Road) area is better than Silk Road Economic Belt (One Belt) and the Strategy Support and Pivotal Gateway (SSPG) of B&R areas. Generally, from the evaluation results it can be concluded that only focusing on the subsystem of Responses cannot entirely address the water security problems within the B&R area. Therefore, to ensure sustainable water security in the region and in the country, the government needs to design water resource management mechanisms that take all the subsystems into account.

ACS Style

Zhaofang Zhang; Weijun He; Min An; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Liang Yuan; Juqin Shen; Zaiyi Liao; Xia Wu. Water Security Assessment of China’s One Belt and One Road Region. Water 2019, 11, 607 .

AMA Style

Zhaofang Zhang, Weijun He, Min An, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Liang Yuan, Juqin Shen, Zaiyi Liao, Xia Wu. Water Security Assessment of China’s One Belt and One Road Region. Water. 2019; 11 (3):607.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhaofang Zhang; Weijun He; Min An; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Liang Yuan; Juqin Shen; Zaiyi Liao; Xia Wu. 2019. "Water Security Assessment of China’s One Belt and One Road Region." Water 11, no. 3: 607.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Water is unevenly distributed globally. This uneven distribution is the reason behind the differences among geographical areas in terms of their water footprint of consumption and production. This gives the global trade of goods a unique feature. This characteristic of the water footprint might be used to address water scarcity and conflicts because water availability also has the same trend. Transboundary river basins are freshwater resources with a high probability of water scarcity and conflict because the water is claimed by multiple sovereign countries. In order to design sharing mechanisms for transboundary river basins that incorporate virtual water concept, it is key to identify the virtual water balance of country-basin units. A study addressing this research gap is not yet available. This article identified and discussed net virtual water importer and exporter sub-basins of transboundary rivers at a country-basin mesh based spatial resolution. The results of our study show that out of the 565 country-basin units surveyed in this article 391, 369, and 461 are net gray, green, and blue virtual water importers respectively. These sub-basins covers 58.37%, 47.52% and 57.52% of the total area covered by transboundary river basins and includes 0.65, 1.9, and around 2 billion people, respectively. The results depict that not only the water endowment of sub-basins is a determining factor for their water footprint of consumption and production, but also their social, economic, and demographic profiles. Furthermore, the water footprint of consumption and production within most of the country-basin units have a global feature. Hence, sustainable water management schemes within border-crossing basins should take into account not only the local but also the global water footprints of consumption and production. This can offer more options for sharing transboundary river basins water capital, thereby minimizing the probability of water scarcity and water conflicts.

ACS Style

Xia Wu; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Liang Yuan; Zaiyi Liao; Weijun He; Min An; Zhaofang Zhang. Assessment of Water Footprints of Consumption and Production in Transboundary River Basins at Country-Basin Mesh-Based Spatial Resolution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 703 .

AMA Style

Xia Wu, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Liang Yuan, Zaiyi Liao, Weijun He, Min An, Zhaofang Zhang. Assessment of Water Footprints of Consumption and Production in Transboundary River Basins at Country-Basin Mesh-Based Spatial Resolution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (5):703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xia Wu; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Liang Yuan; Zaiyi Liao; Weijun He; Min An; Zhaofang Zhang. 2019. "Assessment of Water Footprints of Consumption and Production in Transboundary River Basins at Country-Basin Mesh-Based Spatial Resolution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5: 703.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2019 in Water
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With population numbers increasing and anthropogenic climate change, the amount of available fresh water is declining. This scenario can lead to an increase in the occurrence of water conflicts, especially in transboundary river basins. Prevention strategies to avert water conflicts by designing a fair, efficient, and sustainable water allocation framework are needed. Taking into account the socioeconomic and environmental differences among the riparian countries is one of the most important features an allocation scheme should have. In this article, bankruptcy and bargaining games were used to construct a new weighted water allocation model. The proposed method was applied to allocate the contested water capital of the Mekong River during the dry season. The Mekong River originates in China and flows through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The results of the allocation showed that, except for China and Vietnam, all the other riparian countries get their full claim of the water demand from the river. The water allocation payoffs satisfy individual rationality, Pareto optimality, and maximization of the group utility. Therefore, the allocation outputs from the proposed scheme are self-enforceable and sustainable.

ACS Style

Liang Yuan; Weijun He; Zaiyi Liao; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Min An; Zhaofang Zhang; Xia Wu. Allocating Water in the Mekong River Basin during the Dry Season. Water 2019, 11, 400 .

AMA Style

Liang Yuan, Weijun He, Zaiyi Liao, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Min An, Zhaofang Zhang, Xia Wu. Allocating Water in the Mekong River Basin during the Dry Season. Water. 2019; 11 (2):400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liang Yuan; Weijun He; Zaiyi Liao; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Min An; Zhaofang Zhang; Xia Wu. 2019. "Allocating Water in the Mekong River Basin during the Dry Season." Water 11, no. 2: 400.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Water, in most of the transboundary river basins, is a bone of contention among their riparian states. Taking this into account, this article assessed the monthly impact of upstream water withdrawal on the water security of middle stream and downstream sub-basins at a country-basin mesh spatial resolution. Roughly 2.18 billion people in 442 sub-basin areas experience water stress intensification by less than 1% throughout the year. In addition, 2.12 billion people in 336 sub-basin areas experience water stress level change, from no water stress to one of the water stress categories, for at least one month as the result of upstream withdrawal. Even though there is a clear upstream impact in many of the basins, water disputes with severe social, economic, political, and environmental consequences are nonexistent. This might be an indication that grave water disputes are the result of complex socio-economic and political interactions, not merely because of water deficits due to upstream water withdrawal. Therefore, understanding this relationship is crucial in identifying inflection points for water conflicts within transboundary river basins.

ACS Style

Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Zaiyi Liao; Weijun He; Liang Yuan; Min An; Zhaofang Zhang; Wu Xia. The Impact of Upstream Sub-basins’ Water Use on Middle Stream and Downstream Sub-basins’ Water Security at Country-Basin Unit Spatial Scale and Monthly Temporal Resolution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 450 .

AMA Style

Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Zaiyi Liao, Weijun He, Liang Yuan, Min An, Zhaofang Zhang, Wu Xia. The Impact of Upstream Sub-basins’ Water Use on Middle Stream and Downstream Sub-basins’ Water Security at Country-Basin Unit Spatial Scale and Monthly Temporal Resolution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (3):450.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Zaiyi Liao; Weijun He; Liang Yuan; Min An; Zhaofang Zhang; Wu Xia. 2019. "The Impact of Upstream Sub-basins’ Water Use on Middle Stream and Downstream Sub-basins’ Water Security at Country-Basin Unit Spatial Scale and Monthly Temporal Resolution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3: 450.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2018 in Entropy
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Establishing policies for controlling water pollution through discharge permits creates the basis for emission permit trading. Allocating wastewater discharge permits is a prerequisite to initiating the market. Past research has focused on designing schemes to allocate discharge permits efficiently, but these schemes have ignored differences among regions in terms of emission history. This is unfortunate, as fairness may dictate that areas that have been allowed to pollute in the past will receive fewer permits in the future. Furthermore, the spatial scales of previously proposed schemes are not practical. In this article, we proposed an information entropy improved proportional allocation method, which considers differences in GDP, population, water resources, and emission history at province spatial resolution as a new way to allocate waste water emission permits. The allocation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) among 30 provinces in China is used to illustrate the proposed discharge permit distribution mechanism. In addition, we compared the pollution distribution permits obtained from the proposed allocation scheme with allocation techniques that do not consider historical pollution and with the already established country plan. Our results showed that taking into account emission history as a factor when allocating wastewater discharge permits results in a fair distribution of economic benefits.

ACS Style

Jin Huang; Van Butsic; Weijun He; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Zaiyi Liao; Min An. Historical Accountability for Equitable, Efficient, and Sustainable Allocation of the Right to Emit Wastewater in China. Entropy 2018, 20, 950 .

AMA Style

Jin Huang, Van Butsic, Weijun He, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Zaiyi Liao, Min An. Historical Accountability for Equitable, Efficient, and Sustainable Allocation of the Right to Emit Wastewater in China. Entropy. 2018; 20 (12):950.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jin Huang; Van Butsic; Weijun He; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Zaiyi Liao; Min An. 2018. "Historical Accountability for Equitable, Efficient, and Sustainable Allocation of the Right to Emit Wastewater in China." Entropy 20, no. 12: 950.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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With the rapid economic development, water pollution has become a major concern in China. Understanding the spatial variation of urban wastewater discharge and measuring the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants are prerequisites for rationally designing schemes and infrastructures to control water pollution. Based on the input and output urban wastewater treatment data of the 31 provinces of mainland China for the period 2011–2015, the spatial variation of urban water pollution and the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants were measured and mapped. The exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) model and super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) combined Malmquist index were used to achieve this goal. The following insight was obtained from the results. (1) The intensity of urban wastewater discharge increased, and the urban wastewater discharge showed a spatial agglomeration trend for the period 2011 to 2015. (2) The average inefficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for the study period was 39.2%. The plants’ efficiencies worsened from the eastern to western parts of the country. (3) The main reasons for the low efficiency were the lack of technological upgrade and scale-up. The technological upgrade rate was −4.8%, while the scale efficiency increases as a result of scaling up was −0.2%. Therefore, to improve the wastewater treatment efficiency of the country, the provinces should work together to increase capital investment and technological advancement.

ACS Style

Min An; Weijun He; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Zaiyi Liao; Zhaofang Zhang; Liang Yuan. Spatial Patterns of Urban Wastewater Discharge and Treatment Plants Efficiency in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1892 .

AMA Style

Min An, Weijun He, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Zaiyi Liao, Zhaofang Zhang, Liang Yuan. Spatial Patterns of Urban Wastewater Discharge and Treatment Plants Efficiency in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (9):1892.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min An; Weijun He; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Zaiyi Liao; Zhaofang Zhang; Liang Yuan. 2018. "Spatial Patterns of Urban Wastewater Discharge and Treatment Plants Efficiency in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1892.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2018 in Water
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Urbanization is an engine of economic development, but this process is often constrained by increasingly scarce water resources. A model predicting the drag effect of water consumption on urbanization would be useful for future planning for sustainable water resource utilization and economic growth. Using panel data from 11 provinces in China’s Yangtze River economic belt (YREB) from 2000 to 2015, we apply Romer’s growth drag theory with spatial econometric models to quantitatively analyze the drag effect of water consumption on urbanization. The results show the following. (1) The drag effect of water consumption on urbanization has significant spatial correlation; the spatial Durbin model is the best model to calculate this spatial connection. (2) The spatial coefficient is 0.39 and the drag that is caused by water consumption on urbanization in the YREB is 0.574, which means that when spatial influences are considered, urbanization speed slows by 0.574% due to water consumption constraints. (3) Each region in the YREB has different water consumption patterns and structure; we further calculate each region’s water consumption drag on urbanization. We find that areas with high urbanization levels, like Shanghai (average 84.7%), have a lower water consumption drag effect (0.227), and they can avoid the “resource curse” of water resource constraints. However, some low-level urbanization provinces, like Anhui (average 39.3%), have a higher water consumption drag effect (1.352). (4) Our results indicate that the water drag effect is even greater than the drag effect of coal and land. Therefore, policies to increase urbanization should carefully consider the way that water constraints may limit growth. Likewise, our spatial model indicates that policy makers should work with neighboring provinces and construct an effective regional water cooperation mechanism.

ACS Style

Min An; Van Butsic; Weijun He; Zhaofang Zhang; Teng Qin; Zhengwei Huang; Liang Yuan. Drag Effect of Water Consumption on Urbanization—A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2015. Water 2018, 10, 1115 .

AMA Style

Min An, Van Butsic, Weijun He, Zhaofang Zhang, Teng Qin, Zhengwei Huang, Liang Yuan. Drag Effect of Water Consumption on Urbanization—A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2015. Water. 2018; 10 (9):1115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min An; Van Butsic; Weijun He; Zhaofang Zhang; Teng Qin; Zhengwei Huang; Liang Yuan. 2018. "Drag Effect of Water Consumption on Urbanization—A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2015." Water 10, no. 9: 1115.

Conference paper
Published: 18 May 2017 in World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017
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ACS Style

An Min; Weijun He; Juqin Shen; Zhaofang Zhang; Wu Xia; Christopher N. Dunn; Brian Van Weele. Cooperation Stability Analysis of Trans-Boundary Water Pollution Governance Based on KMRW Reputation Model. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017 2017, 643 -657.

AMA Style

An Min, Weijun He, Juqin Shen, Zhaofang Zhang, Wu Xia, Christopher N. Dunn, Brian Van Weele. Cooperation Stability Analysis of Trans-Boundary Water Pollution Governance Based on KMRW Reputation Model. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. 2017; ():643-657.

Chicago/Turabian Style

An Min; Weijun He; Juqin Shen; Zhaofang Zhang; Wu Xia; Christopher N. Dunn; Brian Van Weele. 2017. "Cooperation Stability Analysis of Trans-Boundary Water Pollution Governance Based on KMRW Reputation Model." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017 , no. : 643-657.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2016 in Environmental Engineering Research
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ACS Style

Liang Yuan; Weijun He; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Soonja Kim; Juqin Shen; Min An. Two-stage concession game approach for analyzing greenhouse gases emission reduction schemes. Environmental Engineering Research 2016, 21, 420 -426.

AMA Style

Liang Yuan, Weijun He, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, Soonja Kim, Juqin Shen, Min An. Two-stage concession game approach for analyzing greenhouse gases emission reduction schemes. Environmental Engineering Research. 2016; 21 (4):420-426.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liang Yuan; Weijun He; Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu; Soonja Kim; Juqin Shen; Min An. 2016. "Two-stage concession game approach for analyzing greenhouse gases emission reduction schemes." Environmental Engineering Research 21, no. 4: 420-426.

Conference paper
Published: 20 January 2015 in Proceedings of the 5th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2014)
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ACS Style

Wei-Jun He; Min An; Liang Yuan. Analysis of the Ecological Migration’s Negative Benefit of China’s Large-Scale Water Conservancy and Hydropower Projects under the Perspective of Low Carbon. Proceedings of the 5th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2014) 2015, 1, 93 -97.

AMA Style

Wei-Jun He, Min An, Liang Yuan. Analysis of the Ecological Migration’s Negative Benefit of China’s Large-Scale Water Conservancy and Hydropower Projects under the Perspective of Low Carbon. Proceedings of the 5th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2014). 2015; 1 ():93-97.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei-Jun He; Min An; Liang Yuan. 2015. "Analysis of the Ecological Migration’s Negative Benefit of China’s Large-Scale Water Conservancy and Hydropower Projects under the Perspective of Low Carbon." Proceedings of the 5th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2014) 1, no. : 93-97.