This study examines the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis (TB) in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan over the past seven years (2018–2024), which cover the before-, during- and after-COVID-19 periods, with a focus on the risks of its emergence and spread. The analysis revealed that while TB incidence is declining, mortality remains high in the before- and during-COVID-19 periods, indicating a general decline in population health. The concentration of TB incidence in relation to geographic location was mainly in the northern, western and southern regions. Before COVID-19, TB incidence reached 48.2 cases and mortality reached a maximum of 2.4 cases per 100,000 people. In 2024, the incidence and mortality of tuberculosis significantly decreased to 33.5 (30.5%) and 1.0 (58.3%), respectively, reflecting an improvement in health indicators in the post-pandemic period. In the after-COVID-19 period, in regions with high unemployment, the incidence was higher than in the before- and during-COVID-19 periods. Nevertheless, it is important that the trend in tuberculosis incidence shows positive improvement after the COVID-19 period. In addition, a comparative analysis of tuberculosis incidence trends in different age groups and social factor groups shows that the adult population remains the most vulnerable category among the general population. The above-listed factors, as well as our analysis of tuberculosis incidence, shows that TB incidence does not always correlate with the level of vaccination in different regions of Kazakhstan, indicating a multifactorial influence on the tuberculosis epidemic.

Пероноспороз (возбудитель – Pseudoperonospora cubensis Rostowz) относится к наиболее вредоносным болезням огурца в Казахстане. Одна из причин возрастающей вредоносности P. cubensis – высокая изменчивость гриба, приводящая к возникновению новых агрессивных патотипов и, соответственно, к потере устойчивости ряда сортов огурца. Цель исследований – провести иммунологическую оценку сортов и гибридов огурца из 18 стран мира к казахстанской популяции гриба и определить уровень их устойчивости на фоне искусственного заражения, а также выделить стабильные источники устойчивости огурца к болезни. В открытом грунте изучали устойчивость к пероноспорозу 80 образцов огурца казахстанского, узбекистанского, таджикистанского, турецкого, индийского, сербского, российского, украинского, американского, молдавского, германского, нидерландского, итальянского, французского, израильского, китайского, тайваньского и южнокорейского происхождения. Для заражения была использована синтетическая популяция возбудителя пероноспороза огурца. В результате исследований в 2015–2016 гг. среди изученных образцов выделено 29 (36.2 %) сортов и гибридов огурца, проявляющих высокую степень полевой устойчивости к данному патогену. Устойчивыми оказались 9 (11.2 %), среднеустойчивыми – 3 (3.8 %), восприимчивыми – 3 (3.8 %), высоковосприимчивыми – 36 (45.0 %) образцов различного происхождения. Устойчивые образцы сравнительно часто встречались среди материалов Казахстана и Нидерландов. Внедрение и возделывание устойчивых сортов огурца в производстве позволит сократить применение химических средств защиты, получать экологически чистую сельхозпродукцию и избежать загрязнения экосистем.

This review analyzed the epidemiology and impact of HPAI (H5N1 and H5N8) in migratory birds and poultry in Kazakhstan, with a special focus on outbreaks from 2005 to 2024. A comprehensive bibliographic analysis of publications on avian influenza in Kazakhstan over the past 20 years was performed. This review mainly included epidemiological studies of virus detections in wild and poultry in Kazakhstan. Migratory wild birds, in particular, played a key role in the spread of the virus. An analysis of the migration chronology of HPAIV-carrying birds prior to their entry into Kazakhstan was conducted, as well as a comparative analysis of seasonal and water landscape characteristics in previous habitats. The complexity and risks associated with the virus, together with the limited number of current scientific studies in Kazakhstan, require further research to reduce its impact on animals and the ecosystem as a whole.

A prospective microbiological study of the prevalence of ESKAPE microorganisms and antibiotic resistance rates of strains was conducted in patients of the pediatric cardiac surgery department of a highly specialized clinic in the period from 2019 to 2023. During the study, classical routine bacterial methods for identifying isolates were used, as well as the automated system for final identification and susceptibility testing Vitek 2 - Compact. The study included 3725 clinical samples, the frequency of pathogen detection was: S.aureus 35.2%, K.pneumoniae 27.3%, A.baumannii 14.5%, Ps.aeruginosa 12.4%, Enterobacter sp. 8.7% and Enterococcus faecium 1.2%. A significant increase in resistance was detected in MRSA from 13.7% to 41.9% (p = 0.041), in K.pneumoniae, resistance to carbapenems increased from 0% to 8.3% (p = 0.057), while we note a decrease in the prevalence of ESBL-producing strains of K.pneumoniae from 63.3%. to 45.2% (p=0.058), resistance to carbapenems in P.aeruginosa strains decreased from 64.3% to 37.7% (p=0.037), and in A.baumannii from 48.5% to 19.1% (p=0.039). According to the obtained results, in our pediatric cardiac surgery department, ESKAPE pathogens accounted for 64.2%. The most common isolates were S.aureus, K.pneumoniae and A.baumannii, while there was a sharply increasing trend towards resistance of K.pneumoniae to carbapenems and MRSA. Our results showed that well-designed infection control in each hospital is necessary, including a good hygiene strategy, microbiological monitoring and in-hospital control. Keywords: microbiological monitoring, ESKAPE microorganisms, prevalence, antibiotic resistance, pediatric cardiac surgery.