Taxonomic and Ecological Interaction of Leishmaniasis Vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sefrou Province (Middle Atlas Morocco): An entomological survey was carried out in the locality of Aichoune to conduct a study on sand flies, species composition, and monthly relative abundance. This study is essential for the implementation of integrated vector management control. Insects collection was carried out twice a month from January 2013 to December 2014 by means of adhesive and CDC-type light traps. A total of 5441 sand flies were collected with the predominance of males (a sex ratio=1.89). The sampled specimens consist of seven species divided into two genera: Phlebotomus (99.55) and Sergentomyia (0.44). Phlebotomus sergenti was the dominant species with an average annual proportion of 47.38, followed by P. perniciosus (37.32), P. longicuspis (8,56), P. papatasi (6.23), and P. ariasi (0.05). The genus Sergentomyia was less common (0.44). S.minuta was represented only by 0.36 and S. fallax by 0.07. The species dynamics showed a unimodal evolution for P. sergenti and P. papatasi. They were active from May to October. P. perniciosus presents a trimodal trend showing the most relevant peak in August. The highest number of specimens was collected in June, when the temperature reaches an annual average value of 25.5C. The obtained results will help us better understand the leishmaniasis transmission dynamics in the Aichoune locality and will contribute to the design of a surveillance strategy.

The infections transmitted by sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) pose always a real health problem due to the increasing number of cases detected each year and the annual emergence of new leishmaniasis outbreaks. This study evaluated the temporal evolution of six species of sand flies in five stations inventoried between May 2017 and April 2018, in order to determine for the first time the extent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) transmission in the city of Fez. The monthly impact of Fez sand fly density has been studied using all multivariate statistical analyses, including multiple factor correspondence analysis (MCA), which were performed using XLSTAT and the version of SPSS 20.0 test. Differences between concentrations were considered significant if $P<0.05$ . To better study the results obtained, different ecological indices have been studied. This study showed that these vectors developed in different sectors of the city of Fez. A total of 816 sand flies were collected from five stations in the city, belonging to three species of the genus Phlebotomus (46.82%) and three species of the genus Sergentomyia (53.18%). The seasonal fluctuation of the average density followed a bimodal evolution for the three stations Dhar Richa, Ain Nokbi, and Boujloud. The stations of Ain Nokbi (0.87 ph/m2) and Dhar Richa (0.467 ph/m2) exposed the sites to a high average density with a maximum peak during August (1.965 ph/m2) and July (1.87 Ph/m2), respectively. S. minuta (44.24%), Ph. sergenti (26.96%), Ph. perniciosus (10.78%), and Ph. papatasi (9.07%) were the most qualified species. The calculated P value is above the 5% significance level, so the relative abundance of these species between study sites shows no significant difference. The period of phlebotomy activity of the genus Phlebotomus in Fez lasts seven months from May to November with a bimodal or trimodal evolution and varies according to the species or the surveyed station. The seasonal fluctuation of sand flies could be conditioned by climatic factors where the period of activity of the species coincides with the hot months (May, June, July, and August). We have observed that the temperature factor favors the prevalence of sand flies, while the difference in the relative abundance of species between the sites is related to the difference in the bioecological conditions of each site.

The education sector has been undergoing a general paradigm shift with the advent of technology. Thus, different teaching strategies such as, blended, flipped, hybrid or asynchronous mode were adopted through the world and especially during COVID19. In the light of this experience and because education is first an intense human interaction endeavor, different pertinent questions have arisen on the effectiveness of the online learning. In the same vein, this study was conducted in Morocco, to account for teachers experience when delivering online courses. Of the various topics addressed, particular mention was made to the use of ICT in the teaching and learning process. Performed analysis was based on an appropriate statistical methodology, namely statistical tests (Chi-squared test) and a clustering method (categorical fuzzy k-modes clustering with automated attribute-weight and cluster-weight learning). The significance of this study is twofold. First, results from the investigation would develop an understanding of teachers’ engagement and main barriers when using ICT in education. Second, the results concerning the association between ICT use and different features would provide guidelines to improve the field of educational technology. Results illustrated how the teachers’ experience of delivering classes involved lack of ICT infrastructure and lack of student engagement. Based on these results, implications for implementation and research were provided. The remaining parts of the study is laid out as follows: Sect. 1 introduces the general context of this study, Sect. 2 incorporates review of literature, research gap and objectives. Section 3 covers research methodology, research design and data collection. Results and findings are delineated in Sect. 4. Section 5 concludes the paper and recommends policy implications.