Antibiotic resistance continues to erode the effectiveness of modern medicine, creating an urgent demand for rapid and reliable diagnostic solutions. Conventional diagnostic approaches, including culture-based susceptibility testing, remain the clinical reference standard but are constrained by lengthy turnaround times and limited sensitivity for early detection. In recent years, significant progress has been made with molecular and spectrometry-based methods, such as PCR and next-generation sequencing, MALDI-TOF MS, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, alongside emerging CRISPR-based platforms. Complementary innovations in biosensors, microfluidics, and artificial intelligence further expand the diagnostic landscape, enabling faster, more sensitive, and increasingly portable assays. This review examines both established and emerging technologies for detecting antibiotic resistance, outlining their respective strengths, limitations, and potential roles across diverse settings. By synthesizing current advances and highlighting future opportunities, this review emphasizes complementarities among detection strategies and their potential integration into practical diagnostic frameworks, including in resource-limited settings.

The rising threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has driven the search for safe and effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics. This study investigated the probiotic potential and postbiotic properties of Enterococcus faecium (one strain), Pediococcus acidilactici (five strains), and Pediococcus pentosaceus (five strains), identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Among the strains, Pediococcus pentosaceus MI124 and Pediococcus acidilactici MI129 demonstrated robust survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Cell surface analyses revealed strong auto-aggregation and hydrophobicity in selected strains, notably P. pentosaceus MI124 and P. acidilactici MI127. Enzymatic profiling revealed potential complex metabolic capabilities across different strains. Safety assessments confirmed the absence of hemolytic and gelatinase activities across all strains. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed resistance to certain β-lactams, while susceptibility to chloramphenicol and tetracycline varied. All LAB strains demonstrated high freeze-drying survivability, exceeding 78.69%. The antibacterial activity of CFSs was confirmed against 14 Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, with results supporting their potential as antimicrobial agents. The CFSs demonstrated a higher total phenolic content (TPC) and displayed significant antioxidant activity, while the total flavonoid content (TFC) remained consistent across most strains. An FTIR spectral analysis confirmed the presence of key functional groups associated with phenolics, organic acids, and peptides, indicating a complex biochemical profile. Probiotics and their postbiotic derivatives offer promising health benefits, including pathogen inhibition and immune modulation. These findings highlight several LAB strains with promising probiotic traits and postbiotic efficacy, supporting their potential use in functional foods and therapeutic applications.

This paper explores the broad probiotic and functional properties of two non-Saccharomyces strains (MI120 and MI125) and one Saccharomyces cerevisiae BB06 strain (as a reference probiotic). Torulaspora delbrueckii MI120 and Starmerella bacillaris MI125 were identified via 5.8S rDNA sequencing. All the strains survived well in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and had strong antioxidant activity (>68%). S. bacillaris MI125 excelled in antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. S. bacillaris MI125 and Sacch. cerevisiae BB06 resisted all the tested antibiotics. No strain displayed hemolytic behavior. The freeze-dried yeast strains achieved survival rates between 76.62% and 93.38%. Based on our physiological characterization analysis (carbon assimilation, ethanol tolerance, acetic acid and H₂S production, temperature and low pH tolerance, enzymatic pattern, and killer phenotype), all the strains showed interesting attributes, with Sacch. cerevisiae BB06 fermenting vigorously in malt extract medium. Beer fermented with T. delbrueckii MI120 had the highest phenolic content (96.02 μg GAE·mL⁻¹) and antioxidant activity (90.43%), matching commercial Sacch. cerevisiae US-05 in sensory traits such as taste and aroma. However, after two months in bottled beer, the yeast viability decreased to 2–3 log CFU·mL⁻¹. The pilot brewing and the assessments of the strains’ technological, physico-chemical, and sensorial properties confirmed their suitability for industrial brewing. Overall, T. delbrueckii MI120 emerges as a promising brewing strain, and S. bacillaris MI125 is a potential probiotic.

The remarkable metabolic adaptability of Bacillus velezensis, including efficient nutrient use, spore formation, and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides, supports its expanding role in biotechnological applications ranging from crop protection to probiotic development. In this study, the halotolerant strain 24.5 was identified as B. velezensis through 16S rDNA and gyrA gene sequencing. PCR analyses confirmed the presence of genes responsible for polyketides, lipopeptides, and dipeptides biosynthesis. These results indicate the potential for the production of structurally diverse bioactive metabolites. Strain 24.5 demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity against 19 bacterial pathogens and three Candida species (p < 0.05). The study demonstrated high survival rates under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, suggesting strong adaptability for gut colonization. Antioxidant evaluation revealed DPPH radical scavenging activities of 34.68% for intact cells and 18.47% for the cell-free extract (p < 0.05). The enzymatic profile highlighted versatile metabolic functions, supporting its multifaceted probiotic potential. Auto-aggregation reached 84.42% at 24 h, and high hydrophobicity toward hexane (71.62%) supported adhesion potential. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling showed sensitivity or intermediate susceptibility to 22 of 24 tested antibiotics (p < 0.05). No haemolytic activity was detected, supporting its safety profile. Overall, these results emphasise the adaptability and multifunctional properties of Bacillus velezensis strain 24.5, highlighting its potential as a promising probiotic candidate for applications in food safety and biotechnology.