The correct torque ratio between the knee joint extensor and flexor muscle groups can effectively prevent injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament and hamstring strain. However, it is unclear whether a high torque ratio of the knee joint flexor muscles to the extensor muscles is beneficial for sport performance. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H/Q) ratio and sprint times (10- and 30-m) and jump heights (CMJ—countermovement jump and SJ—squat jump) in soccer players. The study examined 26 young elite soccer players (age: 18.1 ± 0.7 years; body height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 72.7 ± 5.7 kg). Knee joint flexor and extensor peak torques were assessed using the Cybex dynamometer (at 60°/s, 120°/s and 180°/s). Additionally, each participant performed the CMJ, SJ, and 30 m sprint. A significant relationship was obtained between the H/Q ratio (60°/s) and 30 m sprint time (r = 0.47). The positive direction of this relationship may indicate an important role of knee joint extensors in sprinting performance. Moreover, the H/Q ratio was not significantly associated with the CMJ, SJ or 10 m sprint performance. The H/Q ratio should be considered together with the peak torque values in terms of the assessment of sprinting and jumping performance.

This study aims to analyse the relationship between sprint and vertical jump among soccer players. Sprint and vertical jump tests were performed by 25 soccer players who play in Regional Amateur League (n=25; age 27.04±3.16 year; body height 177±6.41 cm; body weight 70.10 ± 5.97 kg). Ten-meter sprint test (10mST) and 30 meter sprint test (30mST) were applied in order to determine sprint performance, counter movement jump (CMJ) test and squat jump (SJ) test were applied in order to determine the vertical jump of the soccer players. Normality test of the data was carried by Shapiro-Wilk. Pearson Correlation Test was performed as the data was parametric. All the statistical evaluation was carried out using SPSS 21. There is a statistically positive relationship between 10m sprint–30m sprint and between CMJ–SJ (p<0.001). Sprint and jumping are of the key determinants of performance. The present study shows that 10m sprint has an effect on 30m sprint and CMJ has an effect on SJ. Consequently, this study suggests that both sprint and jumping should be of prime importance in trainings.

The aim of this study is to investigate rs1805086 and rs1805065 polymorphisms of MSTN gene of national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers and people leading a sedentary lifestyle, and the anthropometric properties such as hand, wrist, and forearm circumferences of national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers are aimed to be explored. In this study, a total of 79 volunteers who were 24 national (7 females, 17 males) Turkish arm wrestlers, 21 amateur (7 females, 14 males) Turkish arm wrestlers and 34 sedentary people (12 females, 22 males) participated. To analyse the data, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. As a result of the study, when data on rs1805086 and rs1805065 polymorphisms of MSTN gene were examined respectively, it was found out that MSTN 153KK genotype was 100.0% dominant in both national (n=24) and amateur (n=21) arm wrestlers, and it was 94.12 % dominant in sedentary people. KR genotype was observed in 5.88 % of the sedentary people. The data from the other rs1805065 polymorphism of MSTN gene showed that all participants (n = 45, 100.0 %) were carriers of normal homozygous genotype. Furthermore, for both female group and male group, there found to be statistically significant difference in terms of anthropometric properties. It can be concluded that though there was no significant difference between national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers in terms of their MSTN gene characteristics; in terms of anthropometric properties, significant differences were discovered. It was found out that on these athletes, not MSTN gene polymorphisms but anthropometric properties were effective.

The purpose of this study was to reveal the differences between ACTN3 genotype (RR, RX, XX) and aerobic performance [Yo-Yo IRT1 (m), VO₂ max (ml/kg/min)] in professional and regional amateur league soccer players and to reveal which of these parameters was a distinctive factor in these athletes.71 professional soccer players (age: 23.66 ± 4.11 years; body height: 1.79 ± 6.99 m; body weight: 76.02 ± 6.76 kg; body fat: 11.59±3.11 %) and 62 regional amateur soccer players (age: 23.63 ±3.77 years; body height: 1.81 ± 5.77 m; body weight: 76.36 ± 7.53 kg; body fat: 15.60±4.65 %) volunteered for the study. After DNA extraction from buccal epithelial cells via a commercial kit was performed for the genetic background of the athletes, Real-Time PCR was carried out for genotyping. Furthermore, Yo-Yo IRT1 test was performed to determine the aerobic performance of the soccer players. SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package program was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the tests. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and Levene's test for homogeneity of variance were performed. Chi-Square, Independent Sample T Test and One Way ANOVA test were used in the analysis of the parameters. Statistical significance was set as p0.05); however, there was a statistical significance in favor of professional soccer players in terms of aerobic parameters (p<0.05). Consequently, it can be said that aerobic performance is the distinguishing factor, not the ACTN3 gene, in soccer players.

In this study, we aimed to compare ACTN3 rs1815739, PPARA rs4253778 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with aerobic endurance in volleyball players. Twenty-two volleyball players (age: 21.59 ± 2.70 years; height: 1.87 ± 7.92 m; body weight: 80.99 ± 8.14 kg; body fat: 12.05 ± 5.78%) participated in the study voluntarily. DNA extraction from buccal epithelial cells was provided by a commercial kit. Real-Time PCR was performed for genotyping. Statistical analysis of the test results was performed using SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package program. Homogeneity of variance was analyzed by Levenne test and normal distribution was analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk test. One Way ANOVA Test was used to analyze all parameters. Significance was determined at p0.05). In the findings, no statistically significant difference was detected between the relevant polymorphisms and aerobic performance parameters in our cohort. In conclusion, ACTN3 rs1815739, PPARA rs4253778 and IL6 rs1800795 genes did not create any difference in aerobic endurance in volleyball players. Our results need to be confirmed by further studies.

Tr en Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, 9-13 yaş aralığında olan tenis oynayan öğrencilerin bazı fizyolojik ve biyomotor özelliklerini belirlenmesi ve cinsiyetin performans üzerindeki etkisinin saptanmasıdır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya Ankara’da faaliyet gösteren bir tenis kulübünün yaşları 11,21±1,08 yıl, boy uzunlukları 1,52±0,11 m, vücut ağırlıkları 44,76±7,87 kg, antrenman yaşı 3,15±1,11 yıl olan 19 erkek ve yaş 1,05±1,51 yıl, boy uzunlukları 1,48±0,08 m, vücut ağırlıkları 35,84±5,75 kg, antrenman yaş ı 2,7±0,91 yıl olan 17 kız tenis oyuncusu katılmıştır. Sporculara ilk olarak antropometrik ölçümler uygulanmış, daha sonra 5, 10 metre sprint testi, esneklik testi, şınav testi, mekik testi, uzun atlama testi, sağlık topu fırlatma testi ve denge testi uygulanmıştır. Gönüllülerin tanımlayıcı istatistikleri hesaplandıktan sonra performans testlerindeki alınan verilerin Levene testi ile değerlendirilmiş ve normal dağılım gösterdiği görülmüştür. Gruplar arası farkı belirlemek için t-testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Uygulanan testlerde 10 metre sprint testinin dışında cinsiyetler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark görülmemektedir (p<0,05). Sonuçlar: Sonuç olarak; tenis oynayan 9-13 yaş aralığındaki sporcuların değerlendirmeye alınan parametreleri arasında cinsiyetler arası farkın olmadığı söylenebilir ve bu yaş grubu sporcularda cinsiyet ayrımı gözetilmeden benzer antrenman modellerinin uygulanabileceği düşünülmektedir. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine some physiological and biomotor properties of 9-13 years old tennis players, and detect the effect of gender on performance. Material and Methods: 19 voluntary male tennis players, (average age: 11.21±1.08 year, average height: 1.52±0.11 cm, average weight: 44.76±7.87 kg, average sport background: 3.15±1.11 year ),17 voluntary female tennis players, (average age: 11.05±1.51 year, average height: 1.48±0.08 cm, average weight: 35.84±5.75 kg, sport background: 2.7±0.91 year ) who exercise at a tennis club in Ankara participated in this study. The subjects’ anthropometric measurements were taken. Then, 5 m sprint test, 10 m sprint test, flexibility test, push up test, sit up test, long jump test, medicine ball throw test, stability test were performed on the mentioned subjects. After calculating the descriptive statistics of the voluntaries, the data collected from performance tests were evaluated with Levene test and it showed normal distribution. T test was used to identify which groups had significant differences. Results: In the applied test, it has been observed that except the 10-m sprint test; there were not any significant (p<0.05) differences. Conclusion: we could state that there is no difference between gender and all parameters of 9-13 years old tennis players and the similar training models can be applied to the players regardless of their gender.