Purpose: The problem of ethnic conflicts and unrest is at the forefront in a diverse world today. This paper aims to identify ways of resolving social conflicts and establishing a balanced way of taking into account the diverse interests of a multinational society. Design/methodology/approach: Modeling of dynamical ethnic processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan was based on the Parson's sociological scheme and the Nash equilibrium theory. The model consists of differential equations describing the development of four ethnic subsystems: political system, economic system, societal community and Institute of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. This model allows investigating how the interests of various ethnic groups change over time and identifying the states of equilibrium in which the interests of all groups are satisfied. Findings: The results of computer simulation showed that one of the solutions to the problem of social stability is establishing social equilibrium. For this, the Institute of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (APK Institute) must take changes that occur within ethnic groups into account. The proposed model can reveal states of equilibrium with respect to positive and negative dynamic processes that exist between different ethnic groups. Originality/value: The proposed model can be used to predict changes in social behavior and find balance between ethnic subsystems in the research on ethnic processes in multinational countries to early detect conflicts of interest and crisis situations. Future studies will benefit from expanding the range of subsystems that can affect alterations in the ethnic community.

The paper presents research findings related to the security of widespread Internet of Things (IoT) platforms and protocols, based on the analysis of existing vulnerability databases and practical penetration testing of IoT device networks using modern methods. An algorithm for collecting and extracting relevant data from the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) database has been developed. Additionally, a web interface for an interactive CVE table was created, facilitating the processing and visualization of large volumes of data in a convenient and clear format. The conducted analysis aimed to identify the most critical vulnerabilities that should be minimized through the introduction of a new authentication protocol for IoT devices and to define specific requirements for the protocol targeting identified vulnerabilities. During penetration testing of wireless networks, significant vulnerabilities were discovered in the examined IoT devices and the LoRaWAN wireless network. As a result, a dataset containing a list of IoT system vulnerabilities extracted from the CVE glossary, including descriptions of attack vectors and severity based on the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), was compiled, along with practical recommendations for mitigating the vulnerabilities.

This study presents the development of a discrete algorithm for interpreting ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data in vertically inhomogeneous media for the diagnostics of road structures. Experimental data were obtained using an OKO-2 GPR system, followed by primary radargram processing using the CartScan software. This included noise and interference filtering, as well as the initial estimation of the dielectric permittivity of detected layers. The resulting dataset was used to validate numerical algorithms for solving the forward and inverse problems of geolectrics. The proposed approach is based on minimizing a quadratic misfit functional between the calculated and observed values of the horizontal component of the electromagnetic field. The gradient of the functional required for optimization is obtained via the numerical solution of an adjoint problem. A discrete version of this problem was developed, which satisfies the properties of conservativeness and uniformity according to finite difference theory. The inverse problem reconstruction of dielectric permittivity is considered a non-destructive method for radargram interpretation. Assuming a piecewise-continuous medium structure eliminates the need for computing gradients at material interfaces. The proposed methodology enhances the accuracy and reliability of pavement condition assessment and holds practical value for road infrastructure monitoring.

This paper presents a theoretical and numerical analysis of the stability of a decentralized swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles under multivector network attacks (DDoS and MITM) and communication delays. The dynamics of each agent are described by a three-dimensional double-integrator model with constraints on velocity and acceleration. The primary control objective is the strict enforcement of the safety constraint 𝑑𝑚 𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑒, even at the expense of formation-keeping accuracy. To ensure the invariance of the safe set, the method of Exponential Control Barrier Functions (ECBF) is employed, implemented in the form of quadratic programming (QP filtering), as well as a variant with slack variables ensuring feasibility under constraint conflicts. The critical delay is evaluated based on the analysis of a linearized time-delay system and compared with an empirical safety threshold. Numerical experiments for two swarms of three agents each (six in total) demonstrate that the ECBF layer maintains safety at delays on the order of 1 s even under DDoS+MITM attacks, while δ(t) serves as an indicator of approaching the physical infeasibility of safety.