Study purpose. The assessment tools or skills tests, such as the AAHPERD basketball skill test and the Johnson basketball test, are all partial or separate. All these tests are old products, while the game of basketball is constantly evolving. The purpose of this study was to design and validate basketball skills and performance tests for players aged 14–16 years to shorten the test time, shorten the waiting time for results, and be comprehensive so that they can reflect real abilities and can be used as a reference when carrying out selection and evaluation. Materials and methods. A total of 7 experts assessed the 11 elements (86 items) of the basketball skill and performance test (BSPT). Three academic experts and four basketball coach experts took part in the study. Data was collected using the Delphi technique and test-retest, and data was analyzed using Aiken’s formula, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Cronbach’s alpha. Results. With a value of 0.91, the expert assessment tool shows that the content validity of the aspect is good. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the reliability of every aspect of the basketball skill and performance test instrument, and the results were 0.918. The result of the ICC score agreement between raters is 0.912, while for one rater, the consistency is 0.596. Conclusions. The implications of this study could prove that the BSPT can be used to assess the skill level of adolescent basketball players, benefiting not only basketball coaches but also physical education teachers.

The study purpose was to improve the cognitive abilities, fighting power and sportivity on the Physical Education Students Study Program at Nusantara PGRI University Kediri. Materials and methods. This study used the Research and Development method. A small-scale field trial was carried out in the sports building of the Nusantara University campus, PGRI Kediri, which implemented volleyball courses. Practical large-scale trials were carried out at STKIP Trenggalek which implemented volleyball courses, Kahuripan University which implemented volleyball courses, and STKIP Pacitan which implemented volleyball courses. The instruments used to collect data were observation, interviews, and assessment of the effectiveness of the test results as regards increasing cognitive abilities, fighting power and sportsmanship; for the validity of the cognitive abilities assessment instrument, validity was 0.865 and reliability was 0.836, for the fighting power assessment instrument, validity was 0.836 and reliability was 0.700, for the sportivity assessment instrument, validity was 0.897 and reliability was 0.824. The data analysis technique used was quantitative descriptive analysis and normality test analysis, and t-test. Results. Based on the obtained results, the pretest and posttest values have a significant difference with the significance value for all variables being 0.000 < 0.05. For the cognitive ability variable, it was 0.000 < 0.05, for the fighting power variable, it was 0.000 < 0.05, and for the sportivity variable, it was 0.000 < 0.05. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the development of TENDA IOT174 volleyball learning improves cognitive ability, fighting power and sportivity in college students.

This research aims to develop a "model of educative and attractive physical activity" (Majeda) based on children play as a mean for optimize kindergarteners' growth and development. This research was using research and development of Borg and Gall. The research will be conducted in three stages: developing model, pilotting models, and the operational testing and dissemination of models. First phase of research to develop the model implemented by the following activities: preparing the model design, reviewing aspects of the teaching learning process in kindergarten, characteristics of kindergarterners, and the values and elements of motion in children play, choosing the format of Majeda, and validating the draft of Majeda. The result of analysis showed that the design of Majeda based on children play can be arranged, then validated by experts and practitioners.

There are still very limited studies that integrate differentiated learning with physical education subjects that need to be studied more deeply, even though differentiated instruction is a learning model that adheres to the principles of Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP), where every learning experience must align with the characteristics and needs of students. This study aims to review the scientific literature in several countries regarding differentiated learning in physical education to improve physical fitness and active lifestyle. Article search is carried out with the help of the Harzing Publish or Perish program based on the Scopus database. The analysis of the search and screening of articles was carried out by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) procedure. Of the 51 articles identified, only six remain in the criteria after the implementation of the exclusion stage. This research found that the application of differentiated learning (DL) in physical education (PE) to improve junior high school students' physical fitness and active lifestyle is still very limited and requires further research. In addition, in some literature, there is no previous research that specifically explores the impact of this model on junior high school students, so it is recommended for future researchers to add searches through various other databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar.

Study purpose. Agility plays an essential role in basketball so increased agility needs to be a concern in the physical conditioning exercises of basketball players. To achieve the best results possible with an exercise, the type and manner of the exercise must be considered. The more varied is the training model offered to athletes, the more will it further encourage athletes not to feel exhausted while training. However, the training model used is still limited to hard textured courts. Though the use of textured fields such as water and sand has an impact other than power load, it lowers the rate of injury. Materials and methods. The method used in this study was a 2 x 2 factorial design experiment. This study involved 36 men's basketball athletes ages 16–18. The leg power instrument used a vertical jump, agility assessment used an agility test, and analysis of this study data used the ANOVA test. Results. (1) the sand exercise method shows higher results than the water exercise method; (2) athletes who have high limb power are better in agility testing than athletes who have low limb power; and (3) there is an interaction of water exercise and sand exercise methods and power of the limbs against agility. Conclusions. The results of this study could prove that sand exercise methods are more effectively used in increasing agility to be an alternative for coaches.

Physical education is a vital component of the primary school curriculum, aiming to develop students' physical skills, health, and psychosocial well-being. Various approaches have been implemented to achieve these goals, including curriculum integration and addressing the challenges within the primary school curriculum. This study aims to systematically analyze the design and implementation of physical education curriculum in primary schools by reviewing 20 research articles, with a focus on identifying practices and challenges encountered. The methodology used follows a systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. Relevant research articles were identified through a Scopus database search using specific keywords, followed by predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis results indicate that physical education curriculum approaches are diverse, including health-based and mindfulness curricula, ecological dynamics approaches, alternative curricula, and integration with specific models or policy foundations, all aiming to have a positive impact on the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of primary school students by incorporating biomechanical concepts, conflict management strategies, integration of thinking skills, and motor skill development. Additionally, teacher preferences regarding the implementation of physical education curricula were also found. This review concludes that various approaches to implementing physical education curricula positively affect student development. The findings highlight that an effective primary school physical education curriculum should integrate a holistic approach involving physical, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects. The importance of flexibility in the curriculum, allowing adaptation to local and individual student needs, is also acknowledged. Keywords: physical education, curriculum, primary school, literature review