Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are contiguous stretches of homozygous genotypes that are passed from parents to their offspring. ROHs are suitable for determining population history, inbreeding rates, and the genetic relationships between individuals in the populations, as well as to detect candidate genes responsible for economic traits in farm animals. In this study, we observed that the Kazakh white-headed (KWh) cattle breed (ROH n = 55,976) had a higher number of ROH compared to the Auliekol (AK) breed (ROH n = 13,137). When calculating the mean length of ROH, there were considerable differences between Kazakh white-headed (211.59 ± 92.98 Mb) and Auliekol (99.62 ± 46.48 Mb) populations. The maximum length of ROH was higher in Auliekol cattle (510.25 Mb) than in Kazakh white-headed cattle (498.91 Mb). The average inbreeding coefficient rate was equal to 0.084 ± 0.037 in Kazakh white-headed cattle and 0.039 ± 0.018 in Auliekol cattle. The high frequency of genomic regions showed that the strongest patterns were observed on chromosomes 2, 6, and 26 for KWh and 1, 5, and 14 for AK. The estimation of ROH numbers per animal showed that the number of ROH decreased with increasing ROH length in both populations. The genomic inbreeding coefficient of both cattle breeds was calculated based on the ROH, and ancient inbreeding was observed. The harbored genes within ROH islands were associated with meat growth and milk production.

The use of digital technologies in livestock management has revolutionized the assessment of body condition and fatness. Traditional methods, while widely used, face limitations related to time, accuracy, and stress on animals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in technologies such as LiDAR, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and 3D visualization systems, which are transforming the field. These technologies enable the non-invasive, accurate, and efficient collection of data, improving livestock productivity, welfare, and management strategies. Additionally, complementary tools like thermal imaging and ultrasound offer further improvements in data collection and analysis. The findings highlight the potential of these digital solutions to optimize livestock management practices, enhance decision-making, and contribute to sustainable and ethical livestock farming.

By examining the genealogical structure of the herd, lines with ancestors obtained through intra-line breeding were carefully chosen. The daughters of VISION-GEN MAURY-ET bull demonstrated the highest milk yield for 305 days of lactation, producing 7177.5 kg, which was 106.4 kg more than the average for all bulls. The daughters of HAMMER-CREEK OB KEYBOARD-ET excelled in protein-milk yield, surpassing other bulls by 0.44% and the breed standard by 0.54%. VISION-GEN MAURY-ET proved to be a significant milk yield improver, while LOCKER-LANE RW BANNING'S daughters excelled in fat-milking and HAMMER-CREEK OB KEYBOARD-ET's daughters were known for their protein-milking improvements. Studies have revealed that cows of the REFLECTION SOVEREIGN line demonstrated the highest milk production, yielding an average of 7409 kg of milk with a fat content of 3.62% and a protein content of 3.22%, while maintaining an average weight of 547 kg. The research also showed that as the live weight of cows increased, so did their milk yield, with a peak yield of 7774.8 kg achieved by cows weighing 562 kg in the REFLECTION SOVEREIGN line, surpassing their WIS BURKE IDEAL counterparts by 221.4 kg. Furthermore, the milk ratio of cows increased with their live weight, and the milk content coefficient of cows from the REFLECTION SOVEREIGN line was 1383.4 kg, exceeding that of the WIS BURKE IDEAL line by 2.6 kg.

This article presents the results of dairy productivity, live weight, exterior assessment, measurements of body articles and body indexes of pedigree cows-the first heifers of the Hereford breed of the Zhabai line in comparison with their peers. Due to their excellent adaptive qualities and high meat productivity, Hereford breed animals have become widespread throughout the world in various climatic and feeding zones. To further improve the economically useful characteristics of the breed, it is necessary to apply modern methods of assessing breeding value. Currently, in countries with developed beef cattle breeding, modern methods of assessing the Hereford breed are used, which combine traditional phenotypic assessment (appearance, constitution, productivity) using the genetic method of the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction and genomic selection assessment. The first-born cows of the Zhabai line had a fairly large live weight at the age of 3 years, met the requirements of the elite-record class and exceeded their peers from other breeding bulls by 18.5 - 54.6 kg. All first-time cows were characterized by high milk content and on average exceeded the breed standard in terms of live weight of calves at 6 months by 52.4 kg, heifers – by 51.6 kg. The first-heifer cows were distinguished by their strong constitution, broad-bodied and massive.

By examining the genealogical structure of the herd, lines with ancestors obtained through intra-line breeding were carefully chosen. The daughters of VISION-GEN MAURY-ET bull demonstrated the highest milk yield for 305 days of lactation, producing 7177.5 kg, which was 106.4 kg more than the average for all bulls. The daughters of HAMMER-CREEK OB KEYBOARD-ET excelled in protein-milk yield, surpassing other bulls by 0.44% and the breed standard by 0.54%. VISION-GEN MAURY-ET proved to be a significant milk yield improver, while LOCKER-LANE RW BANNING'S daughters excelled in fat-milking and HAMMER-CREEK OB KEYBOARD-ET's daughters were known for their protein-milking improvements. Studies have revealed that cows of the REFLECTION SOVEREIGN line demonstrated the highest milk production, yielding an average of 7409 kg of milk with a fat content of 3.62% and a protein content of 3.22%, while maintaining an average weight of 547 kg. The research also showed that as the live weight of cows increased, so did their milk yield, with a peak yield of 7774.8 kg achieved by cows weighing 562 kg in the REFLECTION SOVEREIGN line, surpassing their WIS BURKE IDEAL counterparts by 221.4 kg. Furthermore, the milk ratio of cows increased with their live weight, and the milk content coefficient of cows from the REFLECTION SOVEREIGN line was 1383.4 kg, exceeding that of the WIS BURKE IDEAL line by 2.6 kg.

The dynamics of changes in the fat and protein content in cow milk in different seasons of the year showed the presence of a certain amplitude fluctuations between groups. The highest fat content of 3.65% was observed in the summer in cows of the Reflection Sovereign line, which is 0.04% higher than the analogs of the Vis Beck Ideal line. The highest value of the protein mass fraction of 3.28-3.29% was observed in the autumn period, the differences in protein content in the studied groups were insignificant. The best indicators are autumn milk in cows of the Reflection Sovereign line (increased fat content - 3.65%, protein - 3.27% and lactose - 4.61%). Seasonal variations in lactose levels are weaker than fat and protein. The highest content of dry matter in milk during the year was observed in the autumn (12.57%), the lowest (12.21%) — in the spring. After analyzing the data, we see that seasonal conditions have different effects on the content of individual components of milk cows Holstein herd. For the most complete realization of the genetic potential of productive longevity and milk productivity of cows use cows belonging to the line Reflection Sovereign.