At diagnosis, metastatic prostate cancer (PC) is sensitive to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and patients are usually referred to as having castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). The combination of ADT and androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI) is the current standard of care for mCSPC. This study aimed to review the literature on economic evaluations and health economic models related to mCSPC. A literature search was performed covering Medline, Embase, and Scopus with additional grey literature sources. Studies with data on health economic evaluations focusing on Europe or North America were relevant. 18 peer-reviewed articles and 10 grey literature documents were included. The majority (n = 23) had a deterministic Markov structure and applied either Markov cohort or partitioned survival models. Evaluations investigated various types of ADT-based combinations, comparing the addition of ARPI, chemotherapy agents, or radiation therapy to ADT alone. We concluded that economic evaluations in the field of PC are widely published, and there are a large number of publications even in the specific subgroup of mCSPC. Regardless of the investigated interventions, most studies applied similar methodologies and simulated patients from the mCSPC state until the development of mCRPC or death.

Background: Existing studies on the economic impact of schizophrenia are fragmented and vary in methodology, hindering an ample understanding of the total economic burden. Aims: To quantify the global economic burden of schizophrenia by synthesizing findings from systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and to assess variations by cost category, world region and income level. Method: We conducted a protocol-driven umbrella review registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024504092). A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and APA PsycINFO identified reviews reporting annual per-patient monetary cost estimates for schizophrenia. Monetary values were adjusted for inflation and converted to 2024 US dollars. Results: Twenty-six systematic reviews involving 152 primary studies were included. The median annual per-patient total cost of schizophrenia was $33,236 (mean $47,872), with direct costs accounting for $23,126 (medical: $19,543; ancillary: $1,152) and indirect costs for $21,333. Costs were varied by income level: in high-income countries, the median total cost was $34,175, compared to $3,345 in upper-middle-income and $3,452 in lower-middle-income countries. Regional disparities were substantial, with Europe & Central Asia reporting the highest median costs among high-income settings. Data from low- and middle-income regions were limited or absent. Methodological heterogeneity, lack of standardization in cost reporting, and underrepresentation of low-resource settings limit generalizability. Conclusions: Schizophrenia poses a significant and unequally distributed global economic burden, driven by hospitalization, long-term care, and productivity losses. To support equitable policy and resource allocation, future research must adopt standardized costing frameworks and expand data collection into low-resource and understudied regions.

Background/Objectives Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from a deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme activity. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to synthesize the available evidence on the economic and humanistic burden of PKU on patients and their caregivers. Methods A comprehensive SLR was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), EconLit, and the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) Registry, from database inception to June 2026. Eligible studies were published in English, included individuals diagnosed with PAH deficiency (including PKU) and/or their caregivers, and reported original data on either the economic or humanistic burden of the condition. Results Of 2131 records identified, 1330 were screened after deduplication, and 313 underwent full-text review. A total of 130 studies were included, with 44 reporting on economic burden and 87 covering humanistic burden-related outcomes. The economic burden of dietary management was substantial, with mean per patient per year (PPPY) costs ranging from US$1634 to US$35,946, and an estimated 233–359 h PPPY dedicated to diet-related activities. Humanistic burden was also significant; the long-term metabolic control significantly influenced multiple domains of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In a study involving adults with PKU (n = 88), dietary protein restriction was found to be negatively associated with HRQoL (Rp = 0.265, p < 0.05), and similarly, anxiety was also negatively correlated with blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels (Rs = 0.186–0.209, p < 0.05). Conclusions Findings underscore the substantial financial, time, and psychological burden of PKU, particularly in relation to dietary management.