Water pollution is a huge problem for both the environment and living creature health, thus there is an urgent need to develop practical and environmentally friendly techniques to manage and clean it up. This review analyses the possibility of bagasse biofilters using sugarcane by-products as a sustainable water purification and nutrient management option. Bagasse, a typical agricultural waste, can be utilised instead of traditional treatment procedures. Bagasse is economically viable, abundant, and characterized by its porous structure, which makes it suitable for water treatment. Studies have shown that bagasse biofilters can effectively remove heavy metals (like Pb, Ni,Cr, Cu, Zn, and Cd), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; like formaldehyde, chlorine, and extra nutrients) from wastewater. The aforementioned efficacy suggests the potential for integrating biomaterials such as bagasse biofilters into existing water treatment systems, contributing to global efforts in sustainable water management and pollution control. Therefore, the review address the problem associated with production and multifaceted usage of bagasse over the world. Moreover, the present review highlights the scale-up for the large-scale fabrication process and insight into microbial involvement with the process of pollutant adhesion and ultimately impact on the environment. Graphical Abstract

Nowadays water pollution is a significant threat to both human health and the environment. This water contamination is caused by urbanisation, industrialisation, and population increase. Due to this problem, there is a need to develop eco-friendly and economical technology for the management of wastewater. This study explore the potential of peanut shell (PS) biofilter an agricultural product as a sustainable water purification and management of nutrients. PS s can be used in wastewater treatment to alternate for traditional treatment because of its plenty availability and economical approach to wastewater treatment. Various studies claim that PS biofilters may have potential in heavy metal treatment, volatile organic compounds and various unwanted substances from water. This finding shows that integrating PS biofilters makes wastewater treatment more effective. Furthermore, this review highlights the scale-up for large-scale production for eco-friendly ways to clean water and manage nutrients. Graphical Abstract Reproduce after slight modification with permission from Thorat et.al. (Discov Mater 5:1, 2025) under CCBY. Schematic illustration of a sustainable wastewater treatment approach employing peanut shell-based biofilters. Industrial effluents containing heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, As) are filtered via a lignocellulosic matrix composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin produced from peanut shells. The cleaned water supports agricultural reuse and nursery applications, while the discarded biofilter material (bagasse) is reused for horticulture use, fostering circular bioeconomy and environmental sustainability.

Saturated fats (SFAs) play a complex role in health; therefore, their intake has been a topic of debate in the field of nutrition science. Therefore, this article emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet rather than SFA, considering genetic and metabolic differences, and advocates for the reconsideration of dietary guidelines based on the latest evidence. SFAs, such as palmitic acid, may contribute to adverse health effects, whereas others, such as stearic and lauric acid, may have no impact or a positive effect. Research indicates that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) elevate low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels; however, the overall effect on cardiovascular disease is determined not only by the quantity of LDL but also by the specific types of LDL particles, the composition of fatty acids, and the dietary replacement nutrients. The substitution of SFA with unsaturated fats or whole grains may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, whereas replacing them with refined carbohydrates may have adverse effects. SFA from treated meats is related to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In contrast, SFA from high‐fat dairy products may have positive effects, such as improving insulin sensitivity and providing essential nutrients that could mitigate the risk of T2DM. Despite the recommendation to limit SFA intake, recent findings emphasize the need to reconsider dietary guidelines.