Water pollution is a huge problem for both the environment and living creature health, thus there is an urgent need to develop practical and environmentally friendly techniques to manage and clean it up. This review analyses the possibility of bagasse biofilters using sugarcane by-products as a sustainable water purification and nutrient management option. Bagasse, a typical agricultural waste, can be utilised instead of traditional treatment procedures. Bagasse is economically viable, abundant, and characterized by its porous structure, which makes it suitable for water treatment. Studies have shown that bagasse biofilters can effectively remove heavy metals (like Pb, Ni,Cr, Cu, Zn, and Cd), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; like formaldehyde, chlorine, and extra nutrients) from wastewater. The aforementioned efficacy suggests the potential for integrating biomaterials such as bagasse biofilters into existing water treatment systems, contributing to global efforts in sustainable water management and pollution control. Therefore, the review address the problem associated with production and multifaceted usage of bagasse over the world. Moreover, the present review highlights the scale-up for the large-scale fabrication process and insight into microbial involvement with the process of pollutant adhesion and ultimately impact on the environment. Graphical Abstract

In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans, the development of reliable analytical methods to analyze these compounds became necessary. The arrival of a great number of new antineoplastic agents has made it necessary to reclassify all of them. Anticancer drugs may act at different levels: cancer cells, endothelium, extracellular matrix, and the immune system or host cells. The tumour cell can be targeted at the DNA, RNA or protein level. Most classical chemotherapeutic agents interact with tumour DNA, whereas monoclonal antibodies and small molecules are directed against proteins. The endothelium and extracellular matrix may be affected also by specific antibodies and small molecules.

Plumeria alba Linn., a member of the Apocynaceae family, is a widely recognized medicinal plant known for its diverse pharmacological properties. The present study focuses on the pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Plumeria alba, along with its antimicrobial potential and application in the development of a topical herbal cream. Pharmacognostical studies, including macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical evaluations, play a crucial role in the identification, authentication, and standardization of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, and glycosides, which are responsible for its therapeutic activities. The plant exhibits significant antibacterial and antifungal activity against various pathogenic microorganisms, supporting its traditional use in treating skin infections and wounds. Based on these properties, a topical herbal cream formulation containing Plumeria alba extract was developed using suitable excipients. The formulated cream was evaluated for parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, stability, and antimicrobial activity. The results suggest that Plumeria alba possesses promising potential as a natural antimicrobial agent and can be effectively utilized in topical herbal formulations for dermatological applications. Further research and clinical studies are recommended to validate its efficacy and safety.