The study describes the production of an upgrading bio oil from pyrolysis of torrefied demineralized palm empty fruit bunch (TDEFB) using a fixed bed reactor system. TDEFB used as a feedstock was produced by demineralization and torrefaction pre-treatment empty fruit bunches (EFB) on raw EFB. The pyrolysis process was examined with multiple responses such as bio oil (response, Y1), bio char (response, Y2) and bio gas (response, Y3). The effect of these pyrolysis process parameters was observed by the production of bio oil, bio char and bio gas yields as the responses. Twenty runs of pyrolysis experiments were suggested by CCD indicated the optimum pyrolysis condition were found to be at reaction temperature of 490 °C, heating rate of 85 °C/min and holding time of 250 s. The maximum bio oil yield was obtained as 51.53 % with 28.5 % of bio char and 11.97 % of bio gas under optimum condition. The p-value 0.9 which indicated that there was a good correlation between the dependable and non-dependable parameters.

Improving the adsorption ability of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has been considered as a promising strategy to promote its photodegradation of pollutant for the wastewater treatment. Hence, the statistical optimization by using central composite design-response surface methodology for the synthesizing of Cu doped AC/TiO₂ nanocomposite photocatalyst via microwave-assisted sol-gel method was prepared, and then applied in adsorption/photodegradation for Ciprofloxacin (CFx) removal. From analysis of variance analysis, the findings show 95 % removal of CFx within 120 min in a batch system at the optimum preparation parameters of AC/TiO₂ ratio = 0.50, Cu dosage = 0.32 g, irradiation power = 477 W, and irradiation time = 14 min. Kinetic studies displayed that the kinetic data was well described by Pseudo second-order models. Also, the isotherms data was well fitted by Langmuir model, with maximum adsorption capacity of 200 . Radical quenching test indicated that hydroxyl radical (•OH) was found to be the reactive radical that generally play the primary role in adsorption/photodegradation of CFx removal. The synergetic mechanisms of adsorption/photodegradation of CFx removal by Cu doped AC/TiO₂ nanocomposite photocatalyst was mainly done by photogenerated electron-hole pair and hydroxyl radicals. The results of this study indicated that the prepared Cu doped AC/TiO₂ nanocomposite photocatalyst is a high potential of sustainable photocatalyst for CFx removal in aqueous solution using adsorption/photodegradation under UV light irradiation.

Postharvest mangoes are prone to anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. While synthetic fungicides are effective, they pose environmental and health risks. This study introduces a Composite Hydrophobic Nanoemulsion (C-HyDEN) coating, containing fatty acids, terpenes, and polysaccharides, to improve postharvest disease control in fruits. Testing various Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent (HDES) formulations revealed that a Menthol: Thymol ratio of 1:1 (MT 1:1) was the most effective for the C-HyDEN formulation, with a pH of 6.17 ± 0.04 and the highest radical scavenging activity at 96.23 ± 0.19%. Further formulations, Chitosan + HyDEN and Konjac + HyDEN, were evaluated based on pH, antioxidant activity, viscosity, mean droplet diameter, Polydispersity Index (PDI), zeta potential and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Chitosan-HyDEN revealed a pH of 7.21 ± 0.11 and a zeta potential of -30.9 ± 7.5 mV, indicating good stability, and the highest antioxidant activity at 94.27 ± 0.29%. Compared with HyDEN, Antracol^®, and the untreated control, the Chitosan–HyDEN coating extended the shelf life of ‘Harumanis’ mangoes during 21 days of storage (27 ± 2°C; 80% relative humidity), and better-preserved quality attributes, including weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), colour, titratable acidity (TA), pH, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This study suggests Chitosan-HyDEN as a promising, effective alternative to synthetic fungicides for preserving postharvest fruit. Graphical abstract