Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related respiratory disorder characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway, typically resulting in a decrease in arterial oxygen saturation and repeated awakenings from sleep. It is the most common sleep-related respiratory disorder, affecting 9% to 38% of adults. OSA is associated with loss of tone, improper contraction of the tongue, and pharyngeal dilator muscles of the upper airway during sleep. The gold-standard treatment for moderate-to-severe OSA is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, many patients have poor long-term compliance with CPAP. Stimulation of the upper airway with electrical activation of the hypoglossal nerve has emerged as a promising treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA who have failed CPAP therapy. Objectives: The present paper aims to review the literature regarding neurostimulation for the treatment of OSA. Conclusions: Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) has shown favorable success and low morbidity in the management of moderate-to-severe OSA.

O Rotavírus pertence à família Reoviridae e possui genoma de RNA de dupla fita segmentado. Sua estrutura é composta por um capsídeo icosaédrico de três camadas concêntricas, sem envelope. As proteínas VP4 e VP7 determinam infectividade, resposta imune e classificação em genótipos G e P, enquanto VP6 define subgrupos e VP1–VP3 participam da replicação e estrutura viral. Globalmente, antes da vacinação, o vírus causava cerca de 500 mil óbitos anuais em crianças menores de cinco anos, com 90% dos casos em países de baixa e média renda. Apesar da alta diversidade genotípica e da persistência da circulação anual em regiões vulneráveis, a introdução de vacinas resultou em uma redução drástica nas hospitalizações e mortes. No Brasil, a vacinação iniciada em 2006 diminuiu significativamente a morbimortalidade, mas mudanças no perfil genotípico, picos sazonais no inverno/ primavera e queda recente na cobertura vacinal representam desafios. O diagnóstico inclui métodos rápidos, como ELISA, e técnicas moleculares de alta sensibilidade, como RT-qPCR, essenciais para vigilância e detecção de variantes. A imunoprevenção conta com vacinas monovalentes e pentavalentes, com esquemas precoces visando maior eficácia. A vigilância epidemiológica e genômica contínua, associada a melhorias em saneamento e cobertura vacinal, é

Objective: To summarize the clinicopathologic findings of chondromyxoid fibroma in the jaw or with repercussions in the oral cavity in a systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was carried out using the BVS, Embase, LILACS, LIVIO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases and gray literature. The studies were independently evaluated by two reviewers according to the established eligibility criteria. Results: 1016 articles were found, and 19 were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. In 70% the lesion was in the mandible, 25% in the maxilla, in which 3 studies the lesion was present in the nasal cavity, and 1 in the temporomandibular joint. Most individuals were in their third decade of life (55%). In 15% of cases there was recurrence. Conclusions: Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare benign bone tumor in the craniofacial region, and tends to affect the mandible more than the maxilla. It is extremely important to know the characteristics of this entity and carry out a correct diagnosis and treatment.

Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare benign bone tumor in the craniofacial region, and tends to affect the mandible more than the maxilla. It is extremely important to know the characteristics of this entity and carry out a correct diagnosis and treatment. This article aims to report a case of chondromyxoid fibroma involving the maxilla and nasal cavity. This is a 35-year-old man who presented to the hospital with an increase in volume in the palate. Imaging examinations showed that the lesion extended to the nasal cavity, and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of chondromyxoid fibroma. It is concluded that this is a lesion that is difficult to diagnose, and its radiographic and histopathological characteristics can be confused with other lesions. Understanding its characteristics is essential for case management.

Background: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that may manifest in the oral cavity, often mimicking malignant conditions such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), particularly in patients with high-risk profiles for malignancy. Case Presentation: This report describes a 45-year-old female patient with a history of chronic smoking and alcohol consumption who presented with an ulcerated lesion on the lateral border of the tongue, clinically suggestive of OSCC. Despite the initial suspicion of malignancy, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations revealed a diagnosis of secondary syphilis. Findings: Microscopic analysis showed stratified parakeratinized epithelium with intraepithelial microabscesses and a dense perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry was strongly positive for Treponema pallidum, and serological testing (VDRL) confirmed active syphilitic infection. Conclusion: This case underscores the need to consider infectious diseases in the differential diagnosis of suspicious oral lesions. A comprehensive diagnostic approach—including serology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry—is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and to guide appropriate management.

Exosomes have emerged as promising cell-free therapeutic agents for tissue regeneration. However, chronic inflammation, a hallmark of periodontal disease, may impair their osteogenic potential. This systematic review evaluated how inflammatory conditions influence the ability of exosomes to modulate osteogenesis in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSC) in vitro. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched up to February 2026, and study selection followed a two-phase screening process. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Dental Preclinical Research Tool (RobDMAT), while certainty of evidence was evaluated using adapted GRADE criteria. Primary outcomes included alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and extracellular matrix mineralization. Due to substantial heterogeneity across studies, a meta-analysis was not performed, and findings were synthesized qualitatively using fold-change comparisons. Six studies were included. Exosome-based interventions consistently enhanced osteogenic outcomes under inflammatory conditions, although with variable magnitude. Extracellular matrix mineralization showed robust increases (> 4-fold) in two studies (10.67- and 4.38-fold), moderate enhancement in one study (3.06-fold), and weak increases (< 2-fold) in three studies (1.95-, 1.60-, and 1.41-fold). ALP activity demonstrated predominantly moderate (3.04-, 3.30-, and 3.83-fold) to robust enhancement (5.50- and 6.75-fold). Limited evidence also suggested a reduction in pro-inflammatory mediators, although this outcome remains insufficiently explored. Exosomes appear to partially overcome the inhibitory effects of inflammation on osteogenesis in hPDLSC, supporting their potential as modulators of regenerative responses in inflammatory microenvironments. Nevertheless, the limited number of studies and methodological heterogeneity restrict the strength of current evidence. Graphical abstract