The intestinal barrier has recently gained attention as a contributor to the pathophysiology of depression. This narrative review examines the current literature on blood-based markers of intestinal permeability in patients with depression. A structured search of PubMed and EMBASE was performed. Both recent and older studies were included to capture key mechanisms and theoretical foundations. We focused on zonulin, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and soluble CD14 (sCD14). While several studies report altered intestinal permeability markers in individuals with depression, results remain inconsistent. Factors such as small sample sizes and variability in measurement procedures complicate interpretation. In some cases, altered biomarker levels were associated with disease severity or response to antidepressant treatment, suggesting a potential role in patient stratification. However, current evidence does not support their routine use in clinical settings. Further research is needed to clarify their value in psychiatric populations. If validated, these markers may help identify inflammation-related depression subtypes and guide more precise treatment strategies.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) serving as a tool to measure injury severity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between GCS admission scores and various socio-demographic, clinical, injury-related, and hospital-related variables in patients with TBI across two tertiary care centers in Eastern Europe, a region that remains underrepresented in the literature. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from 119 TBI patients admitted between March 2020 and June 2023 at Cluj County Emergency Hospital (Romania) and Saint Vincent Hospital (Poland). GCS scores were analyzed as both categorical and continuous variables. Statistical analyses included Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis tests for group comparisons and Spearman correlations for continuous variables. Results: Most patients included suffered a mild TBI (GCS score between 13 and 15). There were significant associations between GCS scores and post-traumatic amnesia (p < 0.05), discharge status (p < 0.01), discharge destination (p < 0.01), and education level (p < 0.01). GCS scores at admission were linked to survival, absence of post-traumatic amnesia, higher education levels, and home discharge. No significant differences observed across sex, residence, employment status, injury type, cause, or mechanism of injury. A weak but significant negative correlation was observed between GCS and length of hospital stay (rho = −0.229, p > 0.05), while age showed a non-significant correlation. Conclusions: The GCS score at admission is significantly associated with various clinical and socio-demographic outcomes in TBI patients, supporting the utility of the GCS score as a prognostic tool. The predominance of mild cases and the absence of radiological data, such as cerebral contusions or epidural or subdural hematomas, limit the generalizability of the findings. Further studies with larger samples and comprehensive imaging data are necessary to validate these findings.

Introduction: Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder, also known as an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease, that has typical manifestations such as motor disturbances, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. Neurologists initially classified it as a movement disorder because the diagnosis is primarily based on the presence of extrapyramidal motor symptoms. However, after careful examination of several cases, it was revealed that chorea was only one type of motor dysfunction and that tics and myoclonus were also present. Regarding psychiatric symptoms, studies have shown that patients presenting psychosis-related symptoms have a worse evolution with poor prognosis, and it was concluded that they present distinct clinical, imaging, and biological characteristics. Case presentation: The present case report aims to describe the onset of a particular case of Huntington’s disease, taking into consideration the fact that early psychotic symptoms, very similar to those identified in schizophrenia, could represent indicators of Huntington’s disease onset. An interesting aspect of this case was that our patient had no family history of neurological conditions but had a clinical picture characterized by delusions and hallucinations. These symptoms were considered criteria for schizophrenia. Moreover, chorea motor movements appeared several years after the onset of psychosis, determining the need for the diagnosis to be changed from schizophrenia to Huntington’s disease. Conclusion: We need to point out that psychiatric symptoms could represent the only initial visible change in the clinical picture, being also considered as indicators of Huntington’s disease onset. These features could help patients be easily and faster identified, allowing for proper medical interventions to be provided.

The intestinal barrier has recently gained attention as a contributor to the pathophysiology of depression. This narrative review examines the current literature on blood-based markers of intestinal permeability in patients with depression. A structured search of PubMed and EMBASE was performed. Both recent and older studies were included to capture key mechanisms and theoretical foundations. We focused on zonulin, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and soluble CD14 (sCD14). While several studies report altered intestinal permeability markers in individuals with depression, results remain inconsistent. Factors such as small sample sizes and variability in measurement procedures complicate interpretation. In some cases, altered biomarker levels were associated with disease severity or response to antidepressant treatment, suggesting a potential role in patient stratification. However, current evidence does not support their routine use in clinical settings. Further research is needed to clarify their specificity and predictive value in psychiatric populations. Once validated, these markers may help identify inflammation-related depression subtypes and guide more precise treatment strategies.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents one of the leading health concerns worldwide, and it is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and substantial healthcare costs. This study aimed to assess inpatient cost determinant factors among TBI patients admitted to an Eastern European hospital, Cluj County Emergency Hospital, Romania, in 2022. Methods: A retrospective observational analysis was conducted on 90 TBI patients. Data on demographic factors, clinical variables, injury characteristics, and inpatient hospital costs were collected. Inpatient total cost differences considering categorical variables were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis tests, and correlations of inpatient total costs with other continuous variables were analyzed using Spearman correlations. Results: Most patients were male (67.8%), urban residents (67.8%), retired (64.4%), and had a mild TBI (96.7%), and the main listed cause was falls (74.4%). The average inpatient cost was EUR 1115.79. There were no statistically significant differences for costs in TBI severity, PTA, or comorbidities. Inpatient costs were correlated with hospital length of stay (ρ = 0.979, 95% CI rho: 0.969 and 986, p < 0.001). While higher costs were seen in patients with PTA, more comorbidities, severe Marshall Scores, or return-to-work status, these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Further research with larger, multicenter cohorts is needed to better understand the cost structure of TBI care and to inform policy decisions that are aimed at resource allocation and cost efficiency.