Requirements are the basis of software development practices. Ambiguities in requirements lead a project to a point of failure or penalize it with a high budget and time for defect traceability. The ever-growing demand for advanced computing systems has increased the complexity of Software Requirements Engineering (SRE) practices. Blockchain systems require specialized SRE practices as the issues of Requirement Traceability (RT), developer/client confidentiality, and Requirement Negotiation (RN) typically exist in conventional approaches, which require more improvement. Moreover, blockchain technology incorporates the capacity to function as an infrastructure for the SRE framework providing transparency, security, and reliability. Even though the significance of studying blockchain in the context of SRE is evident, it is still in its infancy. None of the previous studies surveyed this domain to the best of our knowledge. We aim to summarize the scholarly contributions of blockchain acquainted SRE from 2015 to 2021 and to provide academia and practitioners with in-depth knowledge about this domain. In this article, we have provided a novel comprehensive review of the aspects of blockchain-acquainted SRE practices. We have presented SRE-based quality improvement factors and outlined the need for blockchain technology in this domain. Furthermore, we have classified SRE practices based on blockchain engineering. In addition, we have proposed a generic SRE model built on blockchain infrastructure along with its workflows. Similarly, we have provided implementation guidelines for the future development guidance of SRE applications built on blockchain technology. Finally, we have presented the current research challenges and provided future directions based on blockchain acquainted SRE.

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks aim to revolutionize connectivity, offering unprecedented performance in terms of speed, latency, reliability, and scalability. Beyond the capabilities of 5G, 6G envisions integrating advanced technologies such as terahertz communication, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing to support a hyperconnected and intelligent world. This paper explores the key innovations driving 6G development, including advanced spectrum utilization, ultra-massive MIMO, and edge intelligence. Furthermore, it addresses the emerging challenges associated with 6G network traffic management, including spectrum scarcity, energy efficiency, and security vulnerabilities. We examine the anticipated rise in data traffic fueled by applications such as holographic communications, immersive virtual reality, and the Internet of Everything (IoE), emphasizing the need for adaptive traffic engineering strategies. By analyzing these innovations and challenges, the study provides insights into the architectural, technical, and policy requirements for enabling efficient and sustainable 6G networks. The findings aim to guide researchers, engineers, and policymakers in shaping the future of wireless communication.

The old conventional energy distriution system cannot fulfill the demand of the prosumers in providing secure energy trading and with minimum losses in energy transmission. Because it is centralized system and user has no freedom to trade energy without involving the third party. In conventional grid there are lot of issues such as controlling the losses and forecasting the demand and reliability. One major issue is theft of electricity and losses. The new blockchain system has potential to provide secure energy trading in network without involvement of third party. The combination of blockchain and Microgrid has all features to resolve the issues related to the current grid such as controlling power, Forecasting the demand and reliability. In this paper the combination of Microgrid and blockchain for trading energy will be analyzed and energy trading method in P2P Network based will be investigated to find best method for trading enegy in network. For the simulation the matlab tool will be used.

In the contemporary digital landscape, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a transformative approach that decouples network control from hardware, enabling greater flexibility and centralized management. However, this innovation has also introduced new vulnerabilities, making SDN networks susceptible to cyber-attacks. To reduce the risk of cyber-attack blockchain can play vital role. In paper we propose a novel framework that leverages blockchain technology to enhance the security and resilience of SDN environments against potential threats. By integrating blockchain’s decentralized and immutable characteristics, our approach facilitates secure data transactions, enhances network visibility, and fosters trust among network participants. We present a comprehensive analysis of the vulnerabilities inherent in traditional SDN architectures and outline method, how blockchain can mitigate these risks through secure authentication, data integrity, and enhanced access controls.Furthermore, we conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the performance impact and security benefits of our proposed solution. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the likelihood of cyber-attacks, showcasing the viability of blockchain as a potent tool for safeguarding SDN networks. Our findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing the evolving challenges of network security, paving the way for more resilient and secure SDN infrastructures in the future.

In the current era of modern innovations, the applications of energy trading using secure software systems are increasing dramatically. The concept of energy generation using sea waves is slowly emerging. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the use of blockchain in this domain is in its infancy. In this research work, the Point absorber energy converter will be analyzed for power generation, which works with the power of the incoming and the outgoing waves. This system is more efficient and economical compared to old converters. The power in waves has potential force, which can be converted into kinetic force. This kinetic force is used to rotate the alternator, which produces useful power and this power can be stored in batteries or used directly by using various methods. The main benefit of this WEC is that it can be cone in very shallow waters and does not require deep waters to generate power. There is also another positive factor of this converter is that when the wave enters the converter’s incoming as well as the outgoing waves in the front and back direction and the height of the waves come onward, the shore the height of the water increases and decreases as the waves recede. This level changes in height and is used to move another alternator, which, is used on the same structure. The alternators used in the research are based on the axial flux alternator, which works on low rpm and has a power density much higher than the radial flux motor. For energy, trading, and control blockchain method has been employed considering power shortage and theft in our country and globally. The results of the paper reveal that the proposed system can be very effective if applied on a large scale.

In old energy control system, there was no freedom for users to sale or purchase energy with their own choice and rate because system was centralized and also there were many issues such as electricity theft cases and losses and burden of these losses directly inculdded in public bills. Now after the introduction of blockchain these issues has been resolved such as the blockchain technology give freedom to user to sale or purchase energy according to the own rate with secure transaction system. The conventional energy system with centralizedcontrol technique fails to resolve many issues such as freedom to user’s to sale or purchase energy in network in secure way and combination of blockchain and Microgrid has all feature to resolve all present isssues. In this paper, the blockchain technology features and application of blockchain with clean energy system will be investigate to provide cheap electricity to users by using Microgrid because Blockchain provide complete solutions for energy distribution and trading. In addition, somemajor present issues will be focus such as low efficiency, losses and ant algorithm model to distribute the energy in the network efficiently.