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Dr. Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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0 Institutional Analysis
0 Low Carbon
0 Property Rights
0 Real Estate Economics
0 climate adaptation

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Property Rights
climate change
new institutional economics

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Short Biography

Gabriel Ling is a scholar in the subjects of environmental urban and land economics, having taken Ph.D. in Urban and Regional Planning and serving as a senior lecturer in the department at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). He received his bachelor degree (BSc) in Land Administration and Development from UTM as well. He is also a core team member in the UTM-Low Carbon Asia Research Centre who involved in city-level low carbon society blueprint and action plan formulation (e.g., Kuala Lumpur Low Carbon Society Blueprint). The following is his current research interests: Social-ecological system framework, new institutional economics, property-rights system, transaction costs theory, Ostromian theory of self-governing-and-organising system and design principles, Institutional Analysis Development (IAD), science to action (S2A) approach, urban planning and governance, sustainable urban development, resource management and governance, land and urban economics, behavioural economics in real estate valuation and management, low carbon study, decarbonisation, environmental/ecological economics and psychology, opportunism and self-interest theory, social/ commons dilemmas, and game theory (prisoner dilemma).

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Journal article
Published: 28 August 2021 in Process Safety and Environmental Protection
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With the rising demand for hydrogen in petrochemical and refineries complexes, the optimisation of hydrogen utility is getting more attention. Through inter-plant hydrogen integration (IPHI), the overall hydrogen consumption and purged gases could be further reduced by exchanging hydrogen gases among multiple plants. In this work, a P-graph methodology is proposed for the optimal design of IPHI with regeneration-reuse/recycle via a centralised utility hub. Green hydrogen is incorporated in this work in the call for climate change adaption. A case study involving green hydrogen sourced from solar energy, palm oil mill effluent, and wastewater was used to demonstrate the proposed methodology. Four integration schemes were analysed using game theory-based approach for decision making. In IPHI, each participating plant may seek to maximise its own benefits due to rational self-interest. Hence, a game theory-based approach was used to analyse the interaction of participating plants in developing the IPHI schemes. With the implementation of carbon tax, it is potential for motivating collaborations as additional gains can be achieved through collaboration compared to short-sighted self-interest decision. The proposed methodology indicates that collective welfare can be maximised through cooperation among all networks to pursue Pareto optimality and in line with the commitment to tackle climate change and reaching sustainainability agenda.

ACS Style

Amelie Peter Affery; Jian Xiang Tan; Ian Yan Beng Ong; Juin Yau Lim; ChangKyoo Yoo; Bing Shen How; Gabriel H.T. Ling; Dominic C.Y. Foo. Optimal Planning of Inter-Plant Hydrogen Integration (IPHI) in Eco-Industrial Park with P-graph and Game Theory Analyses. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Amelie Peter Affery, Jian Xiang Tan, Ian Yan Beng Ong, Juin Yau Lim, ChangKyoo Yoo, Bing Shen How, Gabriel H.T. Ling, Dominic C.Y. Foo. Optimal Planning of Inter-Plant Hydrogen Integration (IPHI) in Eco-Industrial Park with P-graph and Game Theory Analyses. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amelie Peter Affery; Jian Xiang Tan; Ian Yan Beng Ong; Juin Yau Lim; ChangKyoo Yoo; Bing Shen How; Gabriel H.T. Ling; Dominic C.Y. Foo. 2021. "Optimal Planning of Inter-Plant Hydrogen Integration (IPHI) in Eco-Industrial Park with P-graph and Game Theory Analyses." Process Safety and Environmental Protection , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2021 in Energy
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Despite the ability of renewables to decarbonize energy use, their intermittent nature causes inconsistent energy generation, thus energy storage is required to tackle the supply-demand mismatch. While the use of hybrid battery-hydrogen energy storage for microgrids has been extensively studied, there is a lack of study on the integration of electricity and hydrogen supply systems. In other words, the concurrent targeting of hydrogen and electrical loads in a microgrid with hybrid battery-hydrogen storage is lacking. This study presents an optimization framework for the design and operation of a standalone microgrid with electrical and hydrogen loads. Two energy management strategies have been proposed and the optimization model is solved using particle swarm optimization algorithm. The proposed methodology was demonstrated through a case study and the levelized cost of energy ranges from 0.4551 USD/kWh to 0.4572 USD/kWh for the base case scenario. The optimal microgrid design in base case scenario is found to have a high value of potential energy waste possibility, indicating that the solar panel is oversized to reduce energy storage requirement. Sensitivity analysis results showed that a significant cost reduction can be achieved when only 95% of loads are targeted.

ACS Style

Angel Xin Yee Mah; Wai Shin Ho; Mimi H. Hassim; Haslenda Hashim; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Chin Siong Ho; Zarina Ab Muis. Optimization of a Standalone Photovoltaic-Based Microgrid with Electricity and Hydrogen Loads. Energy 2021, 235, 121218 .

AMA Style

Angel Xin Yee Mah, Wai Shin Ho, Mimi H. Hassim, Haslenda Hashim, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Chin Siong Ho, Zarina Ab Muis. Optimization of a Standalone Photovoltaic-Based Microgrid with Electricity and Hydrogen Loads. Energy. 2021; 235 ():121218.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angel Xin Yee Mah; Wai Shin Ho; Mimi H. Hassim; Haslenda Hashim; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Chin Siong Ho; Zarina Ab Muis. 2021. "Optimization of a Standalone Photovoltaic-Based Microgrid with Electricity and Hydrogen Loads." Energy 235, no. : 121218.

Case report
Published: 18 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This paper attempts to ascertain the impacts of population density on the spread and severity of COVID-19 in Malaysia. Besides describing the spatio-temporal contagion risk of the virus, ultimately, it seeks to test the hypothesis that higher population density results in exacerbated COVID-19 virulence in the community. The population density of 143 districts in Malaysia, as per data from Malaysia’s 2010 population census, was plotted against cumulative COVID-19 cases and infection rates of COVID-19 cases, which were obtained from Malaysia’s Ministry of Health official website. The data of these three variables were collected between 19 January 2020 and 31 December 2020. Based on the observations, districts that have high population densities and are highly inter-connected with neighbouring districts, whether geographically, socio-economically, or infrastructurally, tend to experience spikes in COVID-19 cases within weeks of each other. Using a parametric approach of the Pearson correlation, population density was found to have a moderately strong relationship to cumulative COVID-19 cases (p-value of 0.000 and R2 of 0.415) and a weak relationship to COVID-19 infection rates (p-value of 0.005 and R2 of 0.047). Consequently, we provide several non-pharmaceutical lessons, including urban planning strategies, as passive containment measures that may better support disease interventions against future contagious diseases.

ACS Style

Siew Aw; Bor Teh; Gabriel Ling; Pau Leng; Weng Chan; Mohd Ahmad. The COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Malaysia: Lessons Learned from the Perspective of Population Density. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6566 .

AMA Style

Siew Aw, Bor Teh, Gabriel Ling, Pau Leng, Weng Chan, Mohd Ahmad. The COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Malaysia: Lessons Learned from the Perspective of Population Density. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6566.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siew Aw; Bor Teh; Gabriel Ling; Pau Leng; Weng Chan; Mohd Ahmad. 2021. "The COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Malaysia: Lessons Learned from the Perspective of Population Density." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6566.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2021 in Buildings
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This paper evaluates, via a laboratory assessment, the physical properties (BS EN 323:1993, BS EN 324) and mechanical performance (BS EN 310:1993) of hybrid particleboards using agricultural wastes, namely coconut fibre and sawdust. The process begins with the preparation of the materials where they are sieved and retained with the 5-mm sieve and then oven-dried. The hybrid particleboard mixed with the addition of resin (urea formaldehyde) was sprayed and hot pressed. The hot press temperature was set at 180 °C, with the resin content of 8 wt.% and the design density of 650 kg/m3 used in producing the particleboard. The percentage/ratio of the composition of sawdust (SD) to coconut fibre (CF) varied ranging from 100SD:0CF to 70SD:30CF, 50SD:50CF, 30SD:70CF, and 0SD:100CF. Meanwhile, as for the thickness of the boards, it was categorised into three groups which are 16 mm, 20 mm, and 32 mm. The particleboards were conditioned to the room temperature for seven days before being tested for physical properties and mechanical performances. The results show that the most optimum composition of sawdust to coconut fibre is 0% sawdust to 100% coconut fibre (0SD:100CF) and the optimum thickness is 20 mm, where its density is 761.99 kg/m3, swelling thickness is 11.98%, and water absorption at 37.64%. With the modulus of elasticity of 1510 N/mm2, the modulus of rupture of 17.8 N/mm2, and the internal bonding of 1.08 N/mm2, they satisfied the universal standard of Particleboard Type P3 of BS EN 312:2010.

ACS Style

Dg Tawasil; Eeydzah Aminudin; Nor Abdul Shukor Lim; Nik Nik Soh; Pau Leng; Gabriel Ling; Mohd Ahmad. Coconut Fibre and Sawdust as Green Building Materials: A Laboratory Assessment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboards. Buildings 2021, 11, 256 .

AMA Style

Dg Tawasil, Eeydzah Aminudin, Nor Abdul Shukor Lim, Nik Nik Soh, Pau Leng, Gabriel Ling, Mohd Ahmad. Coconut Fibre and Sawdust as Green Building Materials: A Laboratory Assessment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboards. Buildings. 2021; 11 (6):256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dg Tawasil; Eeydzah Aminudin; Nor Abdul Shukor Lim; Nik Nik Soh; Pau Leng; Gabriel Ling; Mohd Ahmad. 2021. "Coconut Fibre and Sawdust as Green Building Materials: A Laboratory Assessment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboards." Buildings 11, no. 6: 256.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Land
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Urban sprawl related to rapid urbanisation in developed and developing nations affects sustainable land use. In Sri Lanka, urban areas have mostly expanded in a rather spontaneous, unplanned manner (based on the current settlers’ subjective movement) rather than conforming to the local government’s development plan. This growth inevitably leads to uncontrolled urban sprawl in many Sri Lankan cities, including Batticaloa. So far, Sri Lanka’s planners or researchers have not yet tackled the sprawling developments in this city. Understanding the different forms and patterns of urban sprawl is the key to address sprawling growth. This study aims to identify the characteristics of urban sprawl in the Batticaloa municipal council using Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technology. Landsat satellite images for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 as well as 2002, 2011, and 2019 population data were used and analysed using ArcGIS’ maximum likelihood classification tool and the density function, respectively, to delineate the characteristics of urban sprawl. The results revealed that low-density development, leapfrog development, commercial ribbon development, and scattered growth are the influencing characteristics of urban sprawl in the Batticaloa municipality. These characteristics were found mainly in the urban edge of the city and have led to urban sprawl. The finding provides knowledge into recognising the characteristics of urban sprawl with empirical evidence. It affords a clear direction for future studies of urban sprawl in rapidly growing cities that are numerous in Sri Lanka, and the identified characteristics of urban sprawl can be useful in minimising future sprawl. This result can be a tool for future urban planning and management in the Batticaloa municipality.

ACS Style

Mathanraj Seevarethnam; Noradila Rusli; Gabriel Ling; Ismail Said. A Geo-Spatial Analysis for Characterising Urban Sprawl Patterns in the Batticaloa Municipal Council, Sri Lanka. Land 2021, 10, 636 .

AMA Style

Mathanraj Seevarethnam, Noradila Rusli, Gabriel Ling, Ismail Said. A Geo-Spatial Analysis for Characterising Urban Sprawl Patterns in the Batticaloa Municipal Council, Sri Lanka. Land. 2021; 10 (6):636.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mathanraj Seevarethnam; Noradila Rusli; Gabriel Ling; Ismail Said. 2021. "A Geo-Spatial Analysis for Characterising Urban Sprawl Patterns in the Batticaloa Municipal Council, Sri Lanka." Land 10, no. 6: 636.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Risks
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In recent years, the soaring prices of heritage properties in Georgetown, Penang have gained the attention of practitioners and investors. The practitioners claim that the prices of heritage properties within the core and buffer zones in Georgetown have increased more than 300% since the city was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2008. Such heritage properties containing historical or art elements that lead to forming a diversified portfolio could exert a low correlation of returns with conventional assets. In addition, rehabilitation of heritage properties requires high restoration costs and conversion fees. Despite the above claims, there is an absence of empirical studies relating to heritage investability, particularly to prove whether the heritage properties are truly worth investing in. Thus, this study incorporates a self-developed heritage properties Index (PIHPI_HR) into the conventional investment portfolio for assessing diversification effects. This study has collected 853 units of transacted properties for constructing a 10-year price index (PIHPI_HR). Subsequently, its diversification effect was examined through the Efficient Frontier (EF), derived from the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). The findings have proven the optimization of the conventional portfolio by enabling investments in heritage properties where the return is higher than other investment assets at the same risk level. This study also unveiled the price movement of heritage properties together with their investment value, which is deemed to be useful for institutional investors and the public to formulate sustainable investment strategies in the future.

ACS Style

Chin Cheng; Gabriel Ling; Yee-Siang Gan; Wai Wong; Kong Lai. Revisiting Investability of Heritage Properties through Indexation and Portfolio Frontier Analysis. Risks 2021, 9, 91 .

AMA Style

Chin Cheng, Gabriel Ling, Yee-Siang Gan, Wai Wong, Kong Lai. Revisiting Investability of Heritage Properties through Indexation and Portfolio Frontier Analysis. Risks. 2021; 9 (5):91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin Cheng; Gabriel Ling; Yee-Siang Gan; Wai Wong; Kong Lai. 2021. "Revisiting Investability of Heritage Properties through Indexation and Portfolio Frontier Analysis." Risks 9, no. 5: 91.

Review
Published: 30 March 2021
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Little attention has been paid to the impacts of institutional–human–environment dimen-sions on the outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) abatement. Through the diagnosticsocial–ecological system (SES) framework, this review paper aimed to investigate what and howthe multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affected the success level of seven selectedAsia-Pacific countries (namely, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, andNew Zealand) in combatting COVID-19. Drawing on statistical data from the Our World In Data web-site, we measured the COVID-19 severity or abatement success level of the countries on the basis ofcumulative positive cases, average daily cases, and mortality rates for the period of 1 February 2020to 30 June 2020. A qualitative content analysis using three codes, i.e., present (P), partially present(PP), and absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as score calculation and rank ordering for govern-ment response effectiveness and the abatement success level across the countries, was undertaken.Not only did the standard coding process ensure data comparability but the data were deemedsubstantially reliable with Cohen’s kappa of 0.76. Among 13 attributes of the SES factors, highfacility adequacy, comprehensive COVID-19 testing policies, strict lockdown measures, imposition ofpenalty, and the high trust level towards the government seemed to be significant in determiningthe COVID-19 severity in a country. The results show that Vietnam (ranked first) and New Zealand(ranked second), with a high presence of attributes/design principles contributing to high-levelgovernment stringency and health and containment indices, successfully controlled the virus, whileIndonesia (ranked seventh) and Japan (ranked sixth), associated with the low presence of designprinciples, were deemed least successful. Two lessons can be drawn: (i) having high number of P forSES attributes does not always mean a panacea for the pandemic; however, it would be detrimentalto a country if it lacked them severely, and (ii) some attributes (mostly from the governance factor)may carry higher weightage towards explaining the success level. This comparative study providingan overview of critical SES attributes in relation to COVID-19 offers novel policy insights, thushelping policymakers devise more strategic, coordinated measures, particularly for effective countrypreparedness and response in addressing the current and the future health crisis.

ACS Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud; Pau Chung Leng; Lee Bak Yeo; Chin Tiong Cheng; Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad; Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud, Pau Chung Leng, Lee Bak Yeo, Chin Tiong Cheng, Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud; Pau Chung Leng; Lee Bak Yeo; Chin Tiong Cheng; Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad; Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. 2021. "Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 10 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Little attention has been paid to the impacts of institutional–human–environment dimensions on the outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) abatement. Through the diagnostic social–ecological system (SES) framework, this review paper aimed to investigate what and how the multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affected the success level of seven selected Asia-Pacific countries (namely, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Zealand) in combatting COVID-19. Drawing on statistical data from the Our World In Data website, we measured the COVID-19 severity or abatement success level of the countries on the basis of cumulative positive cases, average daily cases, and mortality rates for the period of 1 February 2020 to 30 June 2020. A qualitative content analysis using three codes, i.e., present (P), partially present (PP), and absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as score calculation and rank ordering for government response effectiveness and the abatement success level across the countries, was undertaken. Not only did the standard coding process ensure data comparability but the data were deemed substantially reliable with Cohen’s kappa of 0.76. Among 13 attributes of the SES factors, high facility adequacy, comprehensive COVID-19 testing policies, strict lockdown measures, imposition of penalty, and the high trust level towards the government seemed to be significant in determining the COVID-19 severity in a country. The results show that Vietnam (ranked first) and New Zealand (ranked second), with a high presence of attributes/design principles contributing to high-level government stringency and health and containment indices, successfully controlled the virus, while Indonesia (ranked seventh) and Japan (ranked sixth), associated with the low presence of design principles, were deemed least successful. Two lessons can be drawn: (i) having high number of P for SES attributes does not always mean a panacea for the pandemic; however, it would be detrimental to a country if it lacked them severely, and (ii) some attributes (mostly from the governance factor) may carry higher weightage towards explaining the success level. This comparative study providing an overview of critical SES attributes in relation to COVID-19 offers novel policy insights, thus helping policymakers devise more strategic, coordinated measures, particularly for effective country preparedness and response in addressing the current and the future health crisis.

ACS Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud; Pau Chung Leng; Lee Bak Yeo; Chin Tiong Cheng; Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad; Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1704 .

AMA Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud, Pau Chung Leng, Lee Bak Yeo, Chin Tiong Cheng, Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1704.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud; Pau Chung Leng; Lee Bak Yeo; Chin Tiong Cheng; Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad; Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. 2021. "Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1704.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Sustainability
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A few studies on outdoor human thermal comfort (HTC) have been conducted in the tropical region in a hot and humid climate; however, there is a paucity of discussions on how exactly different spatial settings influence HTC. Thus, this paper aims to examine how land use land cover (LULC) affects HTC on the basis of the simulation of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) indices via ENVI-met and Rayman. The results reveal that people living in the urban area have a higher tendency to experience strong heat stress (25% of the areas with PMV ranging from 3.4 to 3.9 and 2% of the areas, where PMV reached 4.1), followed by the rural area (43% of the areas with PMV ranging from 2.1 to 2.4), and the suburban area (more than 50% of the areas with PMV values less than 2.4). Surprisingly, a concrete LULC in the suburb area exhibits a higher air temperature than an asphalt surface at 4 p.m., due to the large area of high albedo that increases the reflection of solar radiation, subsequently contributing to warming up the airmass. Similarly, sandy, and loamy LULC tend to emit more heat during nighttime, while the heat is absorbed slowly during daytime, and it is then slowly released during nighttime after 6 p.m. Spatial settings that promote heat stress in the urban area are mainly contributed by an LULC of asphalt, concrete, sandy, and loamy areas. Meanwhile, people in the suburban and rural areas are less likely to experience heat stress, due to agricultural plantations and lowland forest that provide shade, except for the barren lands-loamy areas. The result also indicates that tree-covered areas near the river in the suburban area afforded the best thermal experience with PMV of 2.1 and PET of 30.7. From the LULC comparison, it is pivotal to consider tree species (canopy density), surface material (albedo), sky-view factor, wind direction, and speed toward designing a more comfortable and sustainable environment.

ACS Style

Lee Yeo; Gabriel Ling; Mou Tan; Pau Leng. Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings. Sustainability 2021, 13, 382 .

AMA Style

Lee Yeo, Gabriel Ling, Mou Tan, Pau Leng. Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (1):382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee Yeo; Gabriel Ling; Mou Tan; Pau Leng. 2021. "Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 382.

Preprint
Published: 04 January 2021
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Despite increased global interest in the impacts of natural disasters on tourism, less study executes exploring how tourism sensitivity is addressed at the destination level. Generating a link between tourism and natural disaster management is vital in places that rely heavily on tourism and are prone to natural hazards. Ranau, Sabah (Malaysia) is one of the disaster-prone tourists' destination area. Hence, this paper applies the case study of Ranau earthquake 2015 to explore tourism sensitivity towards natural disasters. A qualitative of in-depth interview is applied to acquire information needed from the Ranau tourism entrepreneurs and operators. To analyse the qualitative data, a thematic analysis is conducted. Overall findings show that tourism activity in Ranau are identified to be sensitive towards the 2015 earthquake with a significant percentage of sensitivity level on two elements. These elements are known as Source and Power. The Source element includes tourism products, size of business, development, and natural disasters management with a significant sensitivity compared to the Power element (social capital). This provides insight to the need of specific tourism system adaptation as response to the earthquake and considering the integration of natural disaster management into tourism development to enhance long term sustainability.

ACS Style

Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin; Pau Chung Leng; Muhamad Solehin Fitry Rosley; Noradila Rusli; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Syumi Rafida Abdul Rahman. Tourism Sensitivity to Natural Disaster: a Case Study of Ranau Earthquake 2015. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin, Pau Chung Leng, Muhamad Solehin Fitry Rosley, Noradila Rusli, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Syumi Rafida Abdul Rahman. Tourism Sensitivity to Natural Disaster: a Case Study of Ranau Earthquake 2015. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin; Pau Chung Leng; Muhamad Solehin Fitry Rosley; Noradila Rusli; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Syumi Rafida Abdul Rahman. 2021. "Tourism Sensitivity to Natural Disaster: a Case Study of Ranau Earthquake 2015." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Sustainability
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The provision requirement of 10% openings of the total floor area stated in the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 Malaysia is essential for natural lighting and ventilation purposes. However, focusing on natural ventilation, the effectiveness of thermal performance in landed residential buildings has never been empirically measured and proven, as most of the research emphasized simulation modeling lacking sufficient empirical validation. Therefore, this paper drawing on field measurement investigates natural ventilation performance in terraced housing with an air-well system. The key concern as to what extent the current air-well system serving as a ventilator is effective to provide better thermal performance is to be addressed. By adopting an existing single-story air-welled terrace house, indoor environmental conditions and thermal performance were monitored and measured using HOBO U12 air temperature and humidity, the HOBO U12 anemometer, and the Delta Ohm HD32.3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature meter for a six-month duration. The results show that the air temperature of the air well ranged from 27.48 °C to 30.92 °C, with a mean relative humidity of 72.67% to 79.25%. The mean air temperature for a test room (single-sided ventilation room) ranged from 28.04 °C to 30.92 °C, with a relative humidity of 70.16% to 76.00%. These empirical findings are of importance, offering novel policy insights and suggestions. Since the minimum provision of 10% openings has been revealed to be less effective to provide desirable thermal performance and comfort, mandatory compliance with and the necessity of the bylaw requirement should be revisited.

ACS Style

Pau Leng; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mohd Ahmad; Dilshan Ossen; Eeydzah Aminudin; Weng Chan; Dg Tawasil. Thermal Performance of Single-Story Air-Welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach. Sustainability 2020, 13, 201 .

AMA Style

Pau Leng, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Mohd Ahmad, Dilshan Ossen, Eeydzah Aminudin, Weng Chan, Dg Tawasil. Thermal Performance of Single-Story Air-Welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pau Leng; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mohd Ahmad; Dilshan Ossen; Eeydzah Aminudin; Weng Chan; Dg Tawasil. 2020. "Thermal Performance of Single-Story Air-Welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 201.

Preprint content
Published: 18 November 2020
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Little attention has been paid to interactions between institutional-human-environment dimensions, which are believed to impact the outcome of COVID-19 abatement. Thus, through the diagnostic SES framework analysis, this paper aims to investigate what and how the multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affect the success level of 7 selected Asia-Pacific countries (namely South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Zealand) in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on secondary data from February 2020 to June 2020, the success or severity level of a country was measured by cumulative positive cases, average daily increase, and the mortality rate. A qualitative content analysis, covering code assignation, i.e., Present (P), Partially Present (PP), Absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as rank ordering (from 1st to 7th) and score calculation (from 3 to 21) for the success level between the countries, was undertaken. Attributes (design principles) of SES factors, such as past experiences facing similar diseases, facilities mobility, lockdown measures, penalty, and standard of procedures in public spaces are deemed significant in determining the abatement outcome or severity of a country. The findings show that Vietnam (1st) and New Zealand (2nd) adopting most of the design principles of governance (with the scores of 15 and above) had successfully eliminated the virus, while Indonesia (7th) and Japan (6th) were deemed least successful (scoring between 3-9), likely due to the low presence frequency of design principles. Not only does the study validate SES framework adaptability in a health-related (non-commons) setting, where some design principles used in resource/commons governance are also relevant in explaining the COVID-19 outcome, the critical attributes of institutional-social-ecological factors are highlighted, ultimately helping policymakers devise more strategic measures to address the crisis.

ACS Style

Nur Amiera Suhud; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Ak Muhamad Rafiq Ak Matusin. Using A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Framework to Explain Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nur Amiera Suhud, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Pau Chung Leng, Ak Muhamad Rafiq Ak Matusin. Using A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Framework to Explain Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Amiera Suhud; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Ak Muhamad Rafiq Ak Matusin. 2020. "Using A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Framework to Explain Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 09 November 2020
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Little attention has been paid to interactions between institutional-human-environment dimensions, which are believed to impact the outcome of COVID-19 abatement. Thus, through the diagnostic SES framework analysis, this paper aims to investigate what and how the multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affect the success level of 7 selected Asia-Pacific countries (namely South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Zealand) in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on secondary data from February 2020 to June 2020, the success or severity level of a country was measured by cumulative positive cases, average daily increase, and the mortality rate. A qualitative content analysis, covering code assignation, i.e., Present (P), Partially Present (PP), Absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as rank ordering (from 1st to 7th) and score calculation (from 3 to 21) for the success level between the countries, was undertaken. Attributes (design principles) of SES factors, such as past experiences facing similar diseases, facilities mobility, lockdown measures, penalty, and standard of procedures in public spaces are deemed significant in determining the abatement outcome or severity of a country. The findings show that Vietnam (1st) and New Zealand (2nd) adopting most of the design principles of governance (with the scores of 15 and above) had successfully eliminated the virus, while Indonesia (7th) and Japan (6th) were deemed least successful (scoring between 3-9), likely due to the low presence frequency of design principles. Not only does the study validate SES framework adaptability in a health-related (non-commons) setting, where some design principles used in resource/commons governance are also relevant in explaining the COVID-19 outcome, the critical attributes of institutional-social-ecological factors are highlighted, ultimately helping policymakers devise more strategic measures to address the crisis

ACS Style

Nur Amiera Md Suhud; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: From A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Perspective. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nur Amiera Md Suhud, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Pau Chung Leng, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: From A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Perspective. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Amiera Md Suhud; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. 2020. "Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: From A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Perspective." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 03 November 2020 in Journal of Sustainable Development
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With numerous ecosystem services of urban green spaces (UGS), contributing to sustainability and a better quality of life, UGS provision is perceived as a pivotal role in urban planning. However, concern arises as to what extent local governments have effectively provided good quality and adequate quantity of UGS for the public? Provisioning those UGS aspects has been given a low priority due to insufficient resources and the limited budget allocated by local governments. As such, maintenance and management effectiveness of UGS is detrimentally affected, resulting in disused, overused spaces and thus hot spots for crimes. Therefore, public monetary contribution via taxation is suggested as an alternative to ensuring the continuity and sustainability of UGS services. This review paper is vital to identify and showcase specific factors and mediators, influencing the willingness to pay (WTP) of residents/users for UGS services. Methodologically, after conducting Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for the purpose of article screening and selection based on the two primary databases (Google Scholar and Elsevier), this paper reviewed 18 journal articles, from the year 2013 to 2020. Along with the indirect sub-factors, namely environmental behaviour/attitude and socioeconomic profiles of users, there are three main spatial and non-spatial variables (factors) identified: (i) accessibility/proximity to the nearest UGS; (ii) quantity/adequacy of UGS; and (iii) quality of UGS within a township area, influencing satisfaction and enjoyment as well as reasons and frequency of park visiting of users (mediators), which consequently affect their WTP for UGS.

ACS Style

Aimi Norhanani Nordin; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mou Leong Tan; Chin Siong Ho; Hishamuddin Mohd Ali. Spatial and Non-Spatial Factors Influencing Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Urban Green Spaces (UGS): A Review. Journal of Sustainable Development 2020, 13, p130 .

AMA Style

Aimi Norhanani Nordin, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Mou Leong Tan, Chin Siong Ho, Hishamuddin Mohd Ali. Spatial and Non-Spatial Factors Influencing Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Urban Green Spaces (UGS): A Review. Journal of Sustainable Development. 2020; 13 (6):p130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aimi Norhanani Nordin; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mou Leong Tan; Chin Siong Ho; Hishamuddin Mohd Ali. 2020. "Spatial and Non-Spatial Factors Influencing Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Urban Green Spaces (UGS): A Review." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 6: p130.

Preprint
Published: 10 September 2020
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The provision requirement of 10% openings of the total floor area stated in the Uniform Building by Law 1984 Malaysia has been practiced by designers for building plan submission approval. However, the effectiveness of thermal performance in landed residential buildings, despite the imposition by the by-law, has never been empirically measured and proven. Although terraced houses in Malaysia have dominated 40.9% of the total property transaction in 2019, such mass production with typical designs hardly provides its occupants with thermal comfort due to the static outdoor air condition and lack of external windows, where the conventional ventilation technique does not work well, even for houses with an air well system. Consequently, the occupants need to rely on mechanical cooling, which is a high energy-consuming component contributing to outdoor heat dissipation and therefore urban heat island effect. Thus, encouraging more effective natural ventilation to eliminate excessive heat from the indoor environment is critical. Since most of the research focuses on simulation modelling lacking sufficient empirical validation, this paper drawing on field measurement investigates natural ventilation performance in terraced housing with an air well system. More importantly, the key concern as to what extent the current air well system serving as a ventilator is effective to provide better thermal performance in the single storey terraced house is to be addressed. By adopting an existing single storey air welled terrace house, the existing indoor environmental conditions and thermal performance were monitored and measured using scientific equipment, namely HOBO U12 air temperature and air humidity, the HOBO U12 anemometer and the Delta Ohm HD32.3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature meter for a six-month duration. The findings show that the air temperature of the air well ranged from 27.48°C to 30.92°C, while the mean relative humidity were from 72.67% to 79.25%. The mean air temperature for a test room (single sided ventilation room) ranged from 28.04°C to 30.92°C with a relative humidity of 70.16% to 76%. These empirical findings are of importance, offering novel policy insights and suggestions to potentially revising the existing building code standard and by laws; since the minimum provision of 10% openings has been revealed to be less effective to provide a desired thermal performance and comfort, mandatory compliance with, and the necessity for, the bylaw requirement should be revisited and further studied.

ACS Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Eeydzah Aminudin; Weng Howe Chan. Thermal Performance of Single-Storey Air-welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Pau Chung Leng, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Dilshan Remaz Ossen, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Eeydzah Aminudin, Weng Howe Chan. Thermal Performance of Single-Storey Air-welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Eeydzah Aminudin; Weng Howe Chan. 2020. "Thermal Performance of Single-Storey Air-welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 21 May 2020
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The health crisis of the COVID-19 outbreak has global impacts on humanity and theeconomy. Such pandemic effects also influence human behaviour; issues of panic buying(overbuying) and noncompliance with government orders and law among individuals areevident. However, the underlying understanding of such behaviours due to the pandemic remainsunclear. Therefore, this perspective paper adopts the social dilemma theory and microeconomicsconcepts to analyse and explain the effects of COVID-19 on social behavioural reactions. Itattempts to address the questions of what and why are the behaviours of individuals shown duringthe coronavirus pandemic and showcase how the theory is associated with the current socialphenomena. Real scenarios based on media reporting from the sociodemographic context ofMalaysia, concerning the following issues; (i) competition over daily essentials; (ii) self-honestyof individuals; and (iii) adherence to government policies and measures enforcement(governance) were discussed. A conceptual framework was developed to illustrateinterrelationships between social dilemma concepts and the phenomena. In essence, due to fear,uncertainty, and greed, self-interest and opportunistic (defective/unethical) behaviours of mostindividuals prevailing over societal collective interest amid the pandemic have been prevalentlyobserved in the above instances, although a cooperative choice can eventually result in a betteroutcome for everyone. Not only do these non-cooperative behaviours of individuals createinconveniences, dissatisfactions, and other forms of negative externalities, they also incentiviseothers to act selfishly, if no restrictions are imposed, which may eventually cause governmentintervention failures. This paper demonstrates the relevancy of the social dilemmas theory inbetter understanding fundamental human behavioural reactions amid the health crisis and theimportance of incorporating the findings into government policymaking. Thesesociopsychological considerations help the government formulate holistic measures, namelystringent sanctions and monitoring enforcement, as well as incentivising cooperative andcompliant behaviours of the public, which then contribute to curbing the COVID-19 pandemicmore effectively.

ACS Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Christina Mee Chyong Ho. Effects of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on Social Behaviours: From a Social Dilemma Perspective. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Christina Mee Chyong Ho. Effects of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on Social Behaviours: From a Social Dilemma Perspective. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Christina Mee Chyong Ho. 2020. "Effects of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on Social Behaviours: From a Social Dilemma Perspective." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 20 November 2019
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Afghanistan witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades due to the post-war recovery process. When the war ended in 2001 by fall of Taliban regime, most Afghans refugees returned to urban areas of Afghanistan, especially in Kabul city. Moreover, the rapid urbanization, migration from rural areas, and population growth impacted on Kabul city with the manifestation of informal settlement. The residents of informal settlements suffer social and economic exclusion from the benefit and opportunity of an urban environment. Furthermore, the residents of informal settlements experience disadvantages by geographical marginalization, shortage of basic infrastructure, improper governance framework, vulnerability into the effect of poor environment, and natural disasters. With all the above, the problems of informal settlements are considered enormous challenges for informal residents. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the proper approaches to addressing informal settlement problems in District 13 of Kabul city. To reach the aim of the research, the interview and questionnaires survey used as an instrument in data collection. Consequently, the finding of this paper indicates that through the resident’s preferences, government capacity, and District 13 physical condition there are three approaches which can be implemented and adopted for improvement of informal settlement in District 13 of Kabul city, which is settlement upgrading as the first option, the land readjustment as the second option and urban redevelopment as the last option.

ACS Style

Maqsood Rezayee; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Siti Hajar Misnan. Approaches to Addressing Informal Settlement Problems: A Case Study of District 13 in the Kabul city, Afghanistan. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Maqsood Rezayee, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Siti Hajar Misnan. Approaches to Addressing Informal Settlement Problems: A Case Study of District 13 in the Kabul city, Afghanistan. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maqsood Rezayee; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Siti Hajar Misnan. 2019. "Approaches to Addressing Informal Settlement Problems: A Case Study of District 13 in the Kabul city, Afghanistan." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2019 in Sustainability
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In Malaysia, terraced housing hardly provides thermal comfort to the occupants. More often than not, mechanical cooling, which is an energy consuming component, contributes to outdoor heat dissipation that leads to an urban heat island effect. Alternatively, encouraging natural ventilation can eliminate heat from the indoor environment. Unfortunately, with static outdoor air conditioning and lack of windows in terraced houses, the conventional ventilation technique does not work well, even for houses with an air well. Hence, this research investigated ways to maximize natural ventilation in terraced housing by exploring the air well configurations. By adopting an existing single storey terraced house with an air well, located in Kuching, Sarawak, the existing indoor environmental conditions and thermal performance were investigated and monitored using scientific equipment, namely HOBO U12 air temperature and air humidity, the HOBO U12 anemometer and the Delta Ohm HD32.3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature meter. For this parametric study, the DesignBuilder software was utilized. The field study illustrated that there is a need to improve indoor thermal comfort. Thus, the study further proposes improvement strategies to the existing case study house. The proposition was to turn the existing air well into a solar chimney taking into account advantages of constant and available solar radiation for stack ventilation. The results suggest that the enhanced air well was able to improve the indoor room air velocity and reduce air temperature. The enhanced air well with 3.5 m height, 1.0 m air gap width, 2.0 m length was able to induce higher air velocity. During the highest air temperature hour, the indoor air velocity in existing test room increased from 0.02 m/s in the existing condition to 0.29 m/s in the hottest day with 2.06 °C air temperature reduction. The findings revealed that the proposed air well could enhance the thermal and ventilation performance under the Malaysia tropical climate.

ACS Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Gabriel H.T. Ling; Samsiah Abdullah; Eeydzah Aminudin; Wai Loan Liew; Weng Howe Chan. The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5730 .

AMA Style

Pau Chung Leng, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Dilshan Remaz Ossen, Gabriel H.T. Ling, Samsiah Abdullah, Eeydzah Aminudin, Wai Loan Liew, Weng Howe Chan. The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (20):5730.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Gabriel H.T. Ling; Samsiah Abdullah; Eeydzah Aminudin; Wai Loan Liew; Weng Howe Chan. 2019. "The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House." Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5730.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2019 in Economies
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There are severe issues of public open space (POS) underinvestment and overexploitation. However, few studies have been conducted on the property rights structure and its impacts on rural commons governance, specifically concerning local neighbourhood residential POS quality and sustainability. The social-ecological system framework and the new institutional economics theory were employed to examine the local diverse property rights system and its effects on the emergence of POS dilemmas. Rural commons covering neighbourhood residential Country Lease (CL) and Native Title (NT) POS from the districts of Kota Kinabalu and Penampang, Sabah Malaysia were selected. A mixed-method phenomenological case study, involving multi-stakeholders’ perspectives across public-private-user sectors, was employed. This study revealed four main interconnected property rights issues, including attenuated rights, incomplete rights, maladaptive rights, and security-based de facto perceptive rights, under the complex state-private regime, which incentivise the opportunistic behaviour of individuals in externalising POS commons dilemmas. The findings further inferred that the local diverse property rights issues and POS dilemmas caused, and are associated with, other rights issues and dilemmas, forming a rights-dilemmas nexus. Not only do the institutional failures actuate POS dilemmas, but the former also engender other forms of property rights failures, while the latter cause other POS dilemmas. This paper suggests policy and management insights to public officials, in which the importance of the institutional-social-POS behavioural factor and the re-engineering of POS governance via adaptive property rights realignment are emphasised.

ACS Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Chin Siong Ho. Effects of Diverse Property Rights on Rural Neighbourhood Public Open Space (POS) Governance: Evidence from Sabah, Malaysia. Economies 2019, 7, 61 .

AMA Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Pau Chung Leng, Chin Siong Ho. Effects of Diverse Property Rights on Rural Neighbourhood Public Open Space (POS) Governance: Evidence from Sabah, Malaysia. Economies. 2019; 7 (2):61.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Chin Siong Ho. 2019. "Effects of Diverse Property Rights on Rural Neighbourhood Public Open Space (POS) Governance: Evidence from Sabah, Malaysia." Economies 7, no. 2: 61.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2019 in International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability
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Public open space (POS) is central to the environment, and oftentimes spatial and architectural designs are emphasised in urban planning as part of creating quality POS. However, such initial design and planning of POS may not adequately encapsulate the sustainability dimensions of the complex social-ecological behavioural patterns of POS consumption and management, hence resulting in space mismanagement, underinvestment, and quality degradation. This phenomenon is particularly true and relevant in the context of government/state-owned POS. Therefore, an objective of this perspective paper, coupled with the concepts of the publicness levels, is to provide a different understanding of exclusivity and subtractibility natures of POS, primarily using the theory of common pool resources (CPRs), which subsequently helps explain and rationalise the perennial, adversarial POS management, quality and sustainability status quo. This paper reveals that, instead of being considered as pure public goods, scarce POS owns two inherent attributes of CPR, namely non-excludable and subtractive (rivalrous) that are ultimately susceptible to social/commons dilemmas, covering the Tragedy of the commons (overexploitation), management shirking, free-riding, underuse, disuse, and moral hazard, which lead to degraded, unsustainable POS. The commons or CPR theory can indeed offer a new paradigm shift, making urban planners and landscape managers to embrace that the unexclusive natures of CPR-based POS are truly finite and depletable and thus vulnerable to POS dilemmas. Hence, to achieve quality, sustainable POS commons, effective governance in terms of consumption and consistent management is vital. For future research, urban design as a necessary societal role is suggested, which has established the need for effective allocation of POS management via an adaptive institutional property rights design.

ACS Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Chin Siong Ho; Kar Yen Tsau; Chin Tiong Cheng. Interrelationships between Public Open Space, Common Pool Resources, Publicness Levels and Commons Dilemmas: A Different Perspective in Urban Planning. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 2019, 6, 13 -21.

AMA Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Chin Siong Ho, Kar Yen Tsau, Chin Tiong Cheng. Interrelationships between Public Open Space, Common Pool Resources, Publicness Levels and Commons Dilemmas: A Different Perspective in Urban Planning. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability. 2019; 6 (2):13-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Chin Siong Ho; Kar Yen Tsau; Chin Tiong Cheng. 2019. "Interrelationships between Public Open Space, Common Pool Resources, Publicness Levels and Commons Dilemmas: A Different Perspective in Urban Planning." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 6, no. 2: 13-21.