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Dr. PAU CHUNG LENG
Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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0 Affordable Housing
0 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
0 Natural Ventilation
0 Sustainable Architecture
0 Thermal performance

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Case report
Published: 18 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This paper attempts to ascertain the impacts of population density on the spread and severity of COVID-19 in Malaysia. Besides describing the spatio-temporal contagion risk of the virus, ultimately, it seeks to test the hypothesis that higher population density results in exacerbated COVID-19 virulence in the community. The population density of 143 districts in Malaysia, as per data from Malaysia’s 2010 population census, was plotted against cumulative COVID-19 cases and infection rates of COVID-19 cases, which were obtained from Malaysia’s Ministry of Health official website. The data of these three variables were collected between 19 January 2020 and 31 December 2020. Based on the observations, districts that have high population densities and are highly inter-connected with neighbouring districts, whether geographically, socio-economically, or infrastructurally, tend to experience spikes in COVID-19 cases within weeks of each other. Using a parametric approach of the Pearson correlation, population density was found to have a moderately strong relationship to cumulative COVID-19 cases (p-value of 0.000 and R2 of 0.415) and a weak relationship to COVID-19 infection rates (p-value of 0.005 and R2 of 0.047). Consequently, we provide several non-pharmaceutical lessons, including urban planning strategies, as passive containment measures that may better support disease interventions against future contagious diseases.

ACS Style

Siew Aw; Bor Teh; Gabriel Ling; Pau Leng; Weng Chan; Mohd Ahmad. The COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Malaysia: Lessons Learned from the Perspective of Population Density. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6566 .

AMA Style

Siew Aw, Bor Teh, Gabriel Ling, Pau Leng, Weng Chan, Mohd Ahmad. The COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Malaysia: Lessons Learned from the Perspective of Population Density. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6566.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siew Aw; Bor Teh; Gabriel Ling; Pau Leng; Weng Chan; Mohd Ahmad. 2021. "The COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Malaysia: Lessons Learned from the Perspective of Population Density." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6566.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2021 in Buildings
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This paper evaluates, via a laboratory assessment, the physical properties (BS EN 323:1993, BS EN 324) and mechanical performance (BS EN 310:1993) of hybrid particleboards using agricultural wastes, namely coconut fibre and sawdust. The process begins with the preparation of the materials where they are sieved and retained with the 5-mm sieve and then oven-dried. The hybrid particleboard mixed with the addition of resin (urea formaldehyde) was sprayed and hot pressed. The hot press temperature was set at 180 °C, with the resin content of 8 wt.% and the design density of 650 kg/m3 used in producing the particleboard. The percentage/ratio of the composition of sawdust (SD) to coconut fibre (CF) varied ranging from 100SD:0CF to 70SD:30CF, 50SD:50CF, 30SD:70CF, and 0SD:100CF. Meanwhile, as for the thickness of the boards, it was categorised into three groups which are 16 mm, 20 mm, and 32 mm. The particleboards were conditioned to the room temperature for seven days before being tested for physical properties and mechanical performances. The results show that the most optimum composition of sawdust to coconut fibre is 0% sawdust to 100% coconut fibre (0SD:100CF) and the optimum thickness is 20 mm, where its density is 761.99 kg/m3, swelling thickness is 11.98%, and water absorption at 37.64%. With the modulus of elasticity of 1510 N/mm2, the modulus of rupture of 17.8 N/mm2, and the internal bonding of 1.08 N/mm2, they satisfied the universal standard of Particleboard Type P3 of BS EN 312:2010.

ACS Style

Dg Tawasil; Eeydzah Aminudin; Nor Abdul Shukor Lim; Nik Nik Soh; Pau Leng; Gabriel Ling; Mohd Ahmad. Coconut Fibre and Sawdust as Green Building Materials: A Laboratory Assessment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboards. Buildings 2021, 11, 256 .

AMA Style

Dg Tawasil, Eeydzah Aminudin, Nor Abdul Shukor Lim, Nik Nik Soh, Pau Leng, Gabriel Ling, Mohd Ahmad. Coconut Fibre and Sawdust as Green Building Materials: A Laboratory Assessment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboards. Buildings. 2021; 11 (6):256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dg Tawasil; Eeydzah Aminudin; Nor Abdul Shukor Lim; Nik Nik Soh; Pau Leng; Gabriel Ling; Mohd Ahmad. 2021. "Coconut Fibre and Sawdust as Green Building Materials: A Laboratory Assessment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboards." Buildings 11, no. 6: 256.

Review
Published: 10 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Little attention has been paid to the impacts of institutional–human–environment dimensions on the outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) abatement. Through the diagnostic social–ecological system (SES) framework, this review paper aimed to investigate what and how the multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affected the success level of seven selected Asia-Pacific countries (namely, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Zealand) in combatting COVID-19. Drawing on statistical data from the Our World In Data website, we measured the COVID-19 severity or abatement success level of the countries on the basis of cumulative positive cases, average daily cases, and mortality rates for the period of 1 February 2020 to 30 June 2020. A qualitative content analysis using three codes, i.e., present (P), partially present (PP), and absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as score calculation and rank ordering for government response effectiveness and the abatement success level across the countries, was undertaken. Not only did the standard coding process ensure data comparability but the data were deemed substantially reliable with Cohen’s kappa of 0.76. Among 13 attributes of the SES factors, high facility adequacy, comprehensive COVID-19 testing policies, strict lockdown measures, imposition of penalty, and the high trust level towards the government seemed to be significant in determining the COVID-19 severity in a country. The results show that Vietnam (ranked first) and New Zealand (ranked second), with a high presence of attributes/design principles contributing to high-level government stringency and health and containment indices, successfully controlled the virus, while Indonesia (ranked seventh) and Japan (ranked sixth), associated with the low presence of design principles, were deemed least successful. Two lessons can be drawn: (i) having high number of P for SES attributes does not always mean a panacea for the pandemic; however, it would be detrimental to a country if it lacked them severely, and (ii) some attributes (mostly from the governance factor) may carry higher weightage towards explaining the success level. This comparative study providing an overview of critical SES attributes in relation to COVID-19 offers novel policy insights, thus helping policymakers devise more strategic, coordinated measures, particularly for effective country preparedness and response in addressing the current and the future health crisis.

ACS Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud; Pau Chung Leng; Lee Bak Yeo; Chin Tiong Cheng; Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad; Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1704 .

AMA Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud, Pau Chung Leng, Lee Bak Yeo, Chin Tiong Cheng, Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1704.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Nur Amiera Binti Md Suhud; Pau Chung Leng; Lee Bak Yeo; Chin Tiong Cheng; Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad; Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin. 2021. "Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1704.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2021 in Journal of Daylighting
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A base case model is a more potent dose for applied research; the passive architectural design for sustainability requires optimised experiments. However, experimenting with physical developments require construction and deconstruction until they achieved the optimal scenario. These wastes resources and time; hence, base models' development as useful instruments in the optimisation design process is desirable. Lecture theatres in universities have no specific design model whereby optimising one may not apply to the other. Therefore, this research evaluated a base model for lecture theatre regarding spatial configuration, daylighting potentials, and optimised window-to-wall ratio (WWR) for tropical daylighting. A study of ten existing lecture theatres in eight universities within eight states in Nigeria's hot-humid climate was analysed descriptively for the base model. The study employed Simulations with IES-VE software. The daylighting performance analysis adopted the daylighting rule of thumb, daylight factor, work plane illuminance (WPI), and WPI ratio. The results show that a typical lecture theatre in the study area has a dimensional configuration of 12×20 m floor plan, 6 m ceiling height, and a window wall ratio (WWR) of 13%. In the deduced base model, 4H was required for adequate daylighting against the thumb's 2.5 H daylighting rule. The research concludes a low window-wall ratio with poor daylighting quality and quantities in the base model; therefore, it implies that the daylighting was not a criterion in the designs. However, the experiment revealed a progression in daylighting performance with an increase in WWR from the base case until 30% WWR. Beyond that, there was a decline in the daylighting performance. Therefore, 30% WWR was optimal for daylighting performance in lecture theatre retrofitting within the tropical climate.

ACS Style

Moses Iorakaa Ayoosu; Yaik-Wah Lim; Pau Chung Leng; Olusegun Moses Idowu. Daylighting Evaluation and Optimisation of Window to Wall Ratio for Lecture Theatre in the Tropical Climate. Journal of Daylighting 2021, 8, 20 -35.

AMA Style

Moses Iorakaa Ayoosu, Yaik-Wah Lim, Pau Chung Leng, Olusegun Moses Idowu. Daylighting Evaluation and Optimisation of Window to Wall Ratio for Lecture Theatre in the Tropical Climate. Journal of Daylighting. 2021; 8 (1):20-35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moses Iorakaa Ayoosu; Yaik-Wah Lim; Pau Chung Leng; Olusegun Moses Idowu. 2021. "Daylighting Evaluation and Optimisation of Window to Wall Ratio for Lecture Theatre in the Tropical Climate." Journal of Daylighting 8, no. 1: 20-35.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Sustainability
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A few studies on outdoor human thermal comfort (HTC) have been conducted in the tropical region in a hot and humid climate; however, there is a paucity of discussions on how exactly different spatial settings influence HTC. Thus, this paper aims to examine how land use land cover (LULC) affects HTC on the basis of the simulation of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) indices via ENVI-met and Rayman. The results reveal that people living in the urban area have a higher tendency to experience strong heat stress (25% of the areas with PMV ranging from 3.4 to 3.9 and 2% of the areas, where PMV reached 4.1), followed by the rural area (43% of the areas with PMV ranging from 2.1 to 2.4), and the suburban area (more than 50% of the areas with PMV values less than 2.4). Surprisingly, a concrete LULC in the suburb area exhibits a higher air temperature than an asphalt surface at 4 p.m., due to the large area of high albedo that increases the reflection of solar radiation, subsequently contributing to warming up the airmass. Similarly, sandy, and loamy LULC tend to emit more heat during nighttime, while the heat is absorbed slowly during daytime, and it is then slowly released during nighttime after 6 p.m. Spatial settings that promote heat stress in the urban area are mainly contributed by an LULC of asphalt, concrete, sandy, and loamy areas. Meanwhile, people in the suburban and rural areas are less likely to experience heat stress, due to agricultural plantations and lowland forest that provide shade, except for the barren lands-loamy areas. The result also indicates that tree-covered areas near the river in the suburban area afforded the best thermal experience with PMV of 2.1 and PET of 30.7. From the LULC comparison, it is pivotal to consider tree species (canopy density), surface material (albedo), sky-view factor, wind direction, and speed toward designing a more comfortable and sustainable environment.

ACS Style

Lee Yeo; Gabriel Ling; Mou Tan; Pau Leng. Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings. Sustainability 2021, 13, 382 .

AMA Style

Lee Yeo, Gabriel Ling, Mou Tan, Pau Leng. Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (1):382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee Yeo; Gabriel Ling; Mou Tan; Pau Leng. 2021. "Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 382.

Preprint
Published: 04 January 2021
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Despite increased global interest in the impacts of natural disasters on tourism, less study executes exploring how tourism sensitivity is addressed at the destination level. Generating a link between tourism and natural disaster management is vital in places that rely heavily on tourism and are prone to natural hazards. Ranau, Sabah (Malaysia) is one of the disaster-prone tourists' destination area. Hence, this paper applies the case study of Ranau earthquake 2015 to explore tourism sensitivity towards natural disasters. A qualitative of in-depth interview is applied to acquire information needed from the Ranau tourism entrepreneurs and operators. To analyse the qualitative data, a thematic analysis is conducted. Overall findings show that tourism activity in Ranau are identified to be sensitive towards the 2015 earthquake with a significant percentage of sensitivity level on two elements. These elements are known as Source and Power. The Source element includes tourism products, size of business, development, and natural disasters management with a significant sensitivity compared to the Power element (social capital). This provides insight to the need of specific tourism system adaptation as response to the earthquake and considering the integration of natural disaster management into tourism development to enhance long term sustainability.

ACS Style

Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin; Pau Chung Leng; Muhamad Solehin Fitry Rosley; Noradila Rusli; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Syumi Rafida Abdul Rahman. Tourism Sensitivity to Natural Disaster: a Case Study of Ranau Earthquake 2015. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin, Pau Chung Leng, Muhamad Solehin Fitry Rosley, Noradila Rusli, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Syumi Rafida Abdul Rahman. Tourism Sensitivity to Natural Disaster: a Case Study of Ranau Earthquake 2015. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin; Pau Chung Leng; Muhamad Solehin Fitry Rosley; Noradila Rusli; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Syumi Rafida Abdul Rahman. 2021. "Tourism Sensitivity to Natural Disaster: a Case Study of Ranau Earthquake 2015." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Sustainability
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The provision requirement of 10% openings of the total floor area stated in the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 Malaysia is essential for natural lighting and ventilation purposes. However, focusing on natural ventilation, the effectiveness of thermal performance in landed residential buildings has never been empirically measured and proven, as most of the research emphasized simulation modeling lacking sufficient empirical validation. Therefore, this paper drawing on field measurement investigates natural ventilation performance in terraced housing with an air-well system. The key concern as to what extent the current air-well system serving as a ventilator is effective to provide better thermal performance is to be addressed. By adopting an existing single-story air-welled terrace house, indoor environmental conditions and thermal performance were monitored and measured using HOBO U12 air temperature and humidity, the HOBO U12 anemometer, and the Delta Ohm HD32.3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature meter for a six-month duration. The results show that the air temperature of the air well ranged from 27.48 °C to 30.92 °C, with a mean relative humidity of 72.67% to 79.25%. The mean air temperature for a test room (single-sided ventilation room) ranged from 28.04 °C to 30.92 °C, with a relative humidity of 70.16% to 76.00%. These empirical findings are of importance, offering novel policy insights and suggestions. Since the minimum provision of 10% openings has been revealed to be less effective to provide desirable thermal performance and comfort, mandatory compliance with and the necessity of the bylaw requirement should be revisited.

ACS Style

Pau Leng; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mohd Ahmad; Dilshan Ossen; Eeydzah Aminudin; Weng Chan; Dg Tawasil. Thermal Performance of Single-Story Air-Welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach. Sustainability 2020, 13, 201 .

AMA Style

Pau Leng, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Mohd Ahmad, Dilshan Ossen, Eeydzah Aminudin, Weng Chan, Dg Tawasil. Thermal Performance of Single-Story Air-Welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pau Leng; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Mohd Ahmad; Dilshan Ossen; Eeydzah Aminudin; Weng Chan; Dg Tawasil. 2020. "Thermal Performance of Single-Story Air-Welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 201.

Preprint content
Published: 18 November 2020
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Little attention has been paid to interactions between institutional-human-environment dimensions, which are believed to impact the outcome of COVID-19 abatement. Thus, through the diagnostic SES framework analysis, this paper aims to investigate what and how the multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affect the success level of 7 selected Asia-Pacific countries (namely South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Zealand) in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on secondary data from February 2020 to June 2020, the success or severity level of a country was measured by cumulative positive cases, average daily increase, and the mortality rate. A qualitative content analysis, covering code assignation, i.e., Present (P), Partially Present (PP), Absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as rank ordering (from 1st to 7th) and score calculation (from 3 to 21) for the success level between the countries, was undertaken. Attributes (design principles) of SES factors, such as past experiences facing similar diseases, facilities mobility, lockdown measures, penalty, and standard of procedures in public spaces are deemed significant in determining the abatement outcome or severity of a country. The findings show that Vietnam (1st) and New Zealand (2nd) adopting most of the design principles of governance (with the scores of 15 and above) had successfully eliminated the virus, while Indonesia (7th) and Japan (6th) were deemed least successful (scoring between 3-9), likely due to the low presence frequency of design principles. Not only does the study validate SES framework adaptability in a health-related (non-commons) setting, where some design principles used in resource/commons governance are also relevant in explaining the COVID-19 outcome, the critical attributes of institutional-social-ecological factors are highlighted, ultimately helping policymakers devise more strategic measures to address the crisis.

ACS Style

Nur Amiera Suhud; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Ak Muhamad Rafiq Ak Matusin. Using A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Framework to Explain Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nur Amiera Suhud, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Pau Chung Leng, Ak Muhamad Rafiq Ak Matusin. Using A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Framework to Explain Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Amiera Suhud; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Ak Muhamad Rafiq Ak Matusin. 2020. "Using A Socio-Ecological System (SES) Framework to Explain Factors Influencing Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 10 September 2020
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The provision requirement of 10% openings of the total floor area stated in the Uniform Building by Law 1984 Malaysia has been practiced by designers for building plan submission approval. However, the effectiveness of thermal performance in landed residential buildings, despite the imposition by the by-law, has never been empirically measured and proven. Although terraced houses in Malaysia have dominated 40.9% of the total property transaction in 2019, such mass production with typical designs hardly provides its occupants with thermal comfort due to the static outdoor air condition and lack of external windows, where the conventional ventilation technique does not work well, even for houses with an air well system. Consequently, the occupants need to rely on mechanical cooling, which is a high energy-consuming component contributing to outdoor heat dissipation and therefore urban heat island effect. Thus, encouraging more effective natural ventilation to eliminate excessive heat from the indoor environment is critical. Since most of the research focuses on simulation modelling lacking sufficient empirical validation, this paper drawing on field measurement investigates natural ventilation performance in terraced housing with an air well system. More importantly, the key concern as to what extent the current air well system serving as a ventilator is effective to provide better thermal performance in the single storey terraced house is to be addressed. By adopting an existing single storey air welled terrace house, the existing indoor environmental conditions and thermal performance were monitored and measured using scientific equipment, namely HOBO U12 air temperature and air humidity, the HOBO U12 anemometer and the Delta Ohm HD32.3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature meter for a six-month duration. The findings show that the air temperature of the air well ranged from 27.48°C to 30.92°C, while the mean relative humidity were from 72.67% to 79.25%. The mean air temperature for a test room (single sided ventilation room) ranged from 28.04°C to 30.92°C with a relative humidity of 70.16% to 76%. These empirical findings are of importance, offering novel policy insights and suggestions to potentially revising the existing building code standard and by laws; since the minimum provision of 10% openings has been revealed to be less effective to provide a desired thermal performance and comfort, mandatory compliance with, and the necessity for, the bylaw requirement should be revisited and further studied.

ACS Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Eeydzah Aminudin; Weng Howe Chan. Thermal Performance of Single-Storey Air-welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Pau Chung Leng, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Dilshan Remaz Ossen, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Eeydzah Aminudin, Weng Howe Chan. Thermal Performance of Single-Storey Air-welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Eeydzah Aminudin; Weng Howe Chan. 2020. "Thermal Performance of Single-Storey Air-welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2019 in Sustainability
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In Malaysia, terraced housing hardly provides thermal comfort to the occupants. More often than not, mechanical cooling, which is an energy consuming component, contributes to outdoor heat dissipation that leads to an urban heat island effect. Alternatively, encouraging natural ventilation can eliminate heat from the indoor environment. Unfortunately, with static outdoor air conditioning and lack of windows in terraced houses, the conventional ventilation technique does not work well, even for houses with an air well. Hence, this research investigated ways to maximize natural ventilation in terraced housing by exploring the air well configurations. By adopting an existing single storey terraced house with an air well, located in Kuching, Sarawak, the existing indoor environmental conditions and thermal performance were investigated and monitored using scientific equipment, namely HOBO U12 air temperature and air humidity, the HOBO U12 anemometer and the Delta Ohm HD32.3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature meter. For this parametric study, the DesignBuilder software was utilized. The field study illustrated that there is a need to improve indoor thermal comfort. Thus, the study further proposes improvement strategies to the existing case study house. The proposition was to turn the existing air well into a solar chimney taking into account advantages of constant and available solar radiation for stack ventilation. The results suggest that the enhanced air well was able to improve the indoor room air velocity and reduce air temperature. The enhanced air well with 3.5 m height, 1.0 m air gap width, 2.0 m length was able to induce higher air velocity. During the highest air temperature hour, the indoor air velocity in existing test room increased from 0.02 m/s in the existing condition to 0.29 m/s in the hottest day with 2.06 °C air temperature reduction. The findings revealed that the proposed air well could enhance the thermal and ventilation performance under the Malaysia tropical climate.

ACS Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Gabriel H.T. Ling; Samsiah Abdullah; Eeydzah Aminudin; Wai Loan Liew; Weng Howe Chan. The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5730 .

AMA Style

Pau Chung Leng, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Dilshan Remaz Ossen, Gabriel H.T. Ling, Samsiah Abdullah, Eeydzah Aminudin, Wai Loan Liew, Weng Howe Chan. The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (20):5730.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Gabriel H.T. Ling; Samsiah Abdullah; Eeydzah Aminudin; Wai Loan Liew; Weng Howe Chan. 2019. "The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House." Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5730.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2019 in International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability
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This paper aims to determine the performance of the air well system in a hot and humid tropical climate with existing full-scale air well of single-storey terraced house. The application of air well in residential building widely applied in a traditional building, especially in the Middle East and Europe countries. However, resulted from the development, the application of passive cooling strategies such as air well is gradually replaced by a mechanical cooling system. The aim of the study is to investigate the cooling system role in tropics, where hot and humid climate the overheating of building interior are a critical dilemma due to solar penetration through building fenestration. A field measurement has been carried out in a single storey terraced house with built-in air well in Kuching, Sarawak for 5 days. The field measurement investigates the thermal performance of the single-storey terrace house air well under tropical context. The investigation was measured with U-12 HOBO data logger for temperature and humidity while the air velocity was measured with HD32.3 DeltaOhm measurement logger. Both types of the instrument placed in the air well in a vertical position while another U12 HOBO datalogger placed in a test room with window connected to air well. The outdoor weather data set were measured with HOBO U30. Findings show that the under Malaysia tropical climate, the mean air velocity induced by the air well throughout the measurement days marked as 0.91m/s while during the hottest hour of the measurement days, the air velocity induced in the upper air well could reach 1.09m/s with an outdoor air temperature of 33.6°C and solar radiation of 198 Wh/m². The findings of the study have explained the effectiveness of the air well in providing the thermal performance in the indoor environment and further study on modification of the air well configuration could enhance the airflow and air temperature

ACS Style

Pau Chung Leng; Roshida Abdul Majid; Noraslinda Abdul Rahman; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Farhana Mohd Razif. Field Investigation of Indoor Thermal Performance in Malaysia Air-Welled Terraced House. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 2019, 6, 33 -41.

AMA Style

Pau Chung Leng, Roshida Abdul Majid, Noraslinda Abdul Rahman, Dilshan Remaz Ossen, Farhana Mohd Razif. Field Investigation of Indoor Thermal Performance in Malaysia Air-Welled Terraced House. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability. 2019; 6 (3):33-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pau Chung Leng; Roshida Abdul Majid; Noraslinda Abdul Rahman; Dilshan Remaz Ossen; Farhana Mohd Razif. 2019. "Field Investigation of Indoor Thermal Performance in Malaysia Air-Welled Terraced House." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 6, no. 3: 33-41.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2019 in Economies
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There are severe issues of public open space (POS) underinvestment and overexploitation. However, few studies have been conducted on the property rights structure and its impacts on rural commons governance, specifically concerning local neighbourhood residential POS quality and sustainability. The social-ecological system framework and the new institutional economics theory were employed to examine the local diverse property rights system and its effects on the emergence of POS dilemmas. Rural commons covering neighbourhood residential Country Lease (CL) and Native Title (NT) POS from the districts of Kota Kinabalu and Penampang, Sabah Malaysia were selected. A mixed-method phenomenological case study, involving multi-stakeholders’ perspectives across public-private-user sectors, was employed. This study revealed four main interconnected property rights issues, including attenuated rights, incomplete rights, maladaptive rights, and security-based de facto perceptive rights, under the complex state-private regime, which incentivise the opportunistic behaviour of individuals in externalising POS commons dilemmas. The findings further inferred that the local diverse property rights issues and POS dilemmas caused, and are associated with, other rights issues and dilemmas, forming a rights-dilemmas nexus. Not only do the institutional failures actuate POS dilemmas, but the former also engender other forms of property rights failures, while the latter cause other POS dilemmas. This paper suggests policy and management insights to public officials, in which the importance of the institutional-social-POS behavioural factor and the re-engineering of POS governance via adaptive property rights realignment are emphasised.

ACS Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Chin Siong Ho. Effects of Diverse Property Rights on Rural Neighbourhood Public Open Space (POS) Governance: Evidence from Sabah, Malaysia. Economies 2019, 7, 61 .

AMA Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Pau Chung Leng, Chin Siong Ho. Effects of Diverse Property Rights on Rural Neighbourhood Public Open Space (POS) Governance: Evidence from Sabah, Malaysia. Economies. 2019; 7 (2):61.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng; Chin Siong Ho. 2019. "Effects of Diverse Property Rights on Rural Neighbourhood Public Open Space (POS) Governance: Evidence from Sabah, Malaysia." Economies 7, no. 2: 61.

Conference paper
Published: 10 February 2019 in Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Sustainable Environment and Architecture (SENVAR 2018)
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Natural ventilation represents one of the challenges in Malaysia public housing since the most significant and important parameters reflects the layout design efficiency is the thermal comfort within the indoor environment. This paper investigated the thermal performance of a public housing prototype in Malaysia climate context with the duration of...

ACS Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed Ariffin; Khairul Anwar; Irina Safitri Zen; Roshida Abdul Majid. Experimental Investigations of the Indoor Thermal Performance of Open Door System (ODOORS) House Prototype in Tropical Climate. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Sustainable Environment and Architecture (SENVAR 2018) 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Pau Chung Leng, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed Ariffin, Khairul Anwar, Irina Safitri Zen, Roshida Abdul Majid. Experimental Investigations of the Indoor Thermal Performance of Open Door System (ODOORS) House Prototype in Tropical Climate. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Sustainable Environment and Architecture (SENVAR 2018). 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pau Chung Leng; Mohd Hamdan Ahmad; Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed Ariffin; Khairul Anwar; Irina Safitri Zen; Roshida Abdul Majid. 2019. "Experimental Investigations of the Indoor Thermal Performance of Open Door System (ODOORS) House Prototype in Tropical Climate." Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Sustainable Environment and Architecture (SENVAR 2018) , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2018 in Resources
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Compared to the literature on quantitative and statistical modelling, there is a lack of research on qualitative environmental-related modelling, which focuses on a conceptual-theory-based model. Therefore, this paper attempts to formulate a qualitative institutional-social-ecological model, by showcasing how the 10 steps modelling is relevant and is applied to the institutional-property-rights model of neighbourhood residential commons. Using an instance from one case study (i.e., Sabah, Malaysia), a conceptual problem-solution model describing local property-rights system tragedies of public open space (POS) governance and quality, and the emergence of self-governing collective action was demonstrated. Methodologically, the modelling procedures were specified as a 10-step process, starting with setting the objectives of the model and concluding with the validation of suitability and usefulness of the model. The validation was conducted using the experts’ opinion, via the semi-structured interviews with five public officials. With slight necessary amendments, the model was proven practical, useful, flexible, reliable and valid in serving its purposes in understanding and predicting the effects of local property-rights system tragedies on POS commons dilemmas, and the subsequent emergence and necessity of a self-governing solution. This local model provides policy insights to the local public officials, which facilitate their institutional-social-ecological decision-making process that helps improve local POS governance and quality.

ACS Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng. Ten Steps Qualitative Modelling: Development and Validation of Conceptual Institutional-Social-Ecological Model of Public Open Space (POS) Governance and Quality. Resources 2018, 7, 62 .

AMA Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Pau Chung Leng. Ten Steps Qualitative Modelling: Development and Validation of Conceptual Institutional-Social-Ecological Model of Public Open Space (POS) Governance and Quality. Resources. 2018; 7 (4):62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling; Pau Chung Leng. 2018. "Ten Steps Qualitative Modelling: Development and Validation of Conceptual Institutional-Social-Ecological Model of Public Open Space (POS) Governance and Quality." Resources 7, no. 4: 62.