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A large proportion of European inhabitants live in dispersed urban settlements, much of which is labelled as sprawl, defined by monofunctional, low-density areas. However, there is increasing evidence that this may be an overly simplistic way of describing territories-in-between (TiB). This paper defines and maps functional mix in six dispersed urban areas across Europe, applying a method that goes beyond existing land-use-based mixed-use indicators but considers functional mixing on the parcel level. The paper uses data on the location of economic activities and the residential population. It concludes that, in eight cases from four European countries, mixed-use is widespread and that more than 65% of inhabited areas are mixed. Moreover, the paper relates functional mixing to specific settlement characteristics: permeability, grain size, centrality and accessibility, and connectivity. This demonstrates that functional mixing is not the result of local urban morphology or planning instruments, but of the multi-scalar qualities of a location. Therefore, there is a requirement to coordinate planning and design through different scales if mixed-use areas are to be seen as one strategy for achieving greater sustainability in the spatial development of dispersed areas.
Alexander Wandl; Birgit Hausleitner. Investigating functional mix in Europe's dispersed urban areas. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAlexander Wandl, Birgit Hausleitner. Investigating functional mix in Europe's dispersed urban areas. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexander Wandl; Birgit Hausleitner. 2021. "Investigating functional mix in Europe's dispersed urban areas." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science , no. : 1.
This paper underlines the importance of space for the transition towards the circular economy (CE). Policy-makers and industry give most attention to closing material flows, largely ignoring the important spatial implications. The CE requires (re)producing and consuming as locally as possible to avoid problem displacement. This clashes with the general urban land use policy to externalize (re)manufacturing activities. This paper proposes a methodology that combines territorial and network perspectives to understand this conflict. Our results show the importance of place to foster the CE as re-emerging industry combining existing and new activities, offering insights for planning and policy.
Karel Van Den Berghe; Marcin Dąbrowski; Aksel Ersoy; Alexander Wandl; Ellen Van Bueren. The Circular Economy: a Re-Emerging Industry? [working paper]. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleKarel Van Den Berghe, Marcin Dąbrowski, Aksel Ersoy, Alexander Wandl, Ellen Van Bueren. The Circular Economy: a Re-Emerging Industry? [working paper]. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarel Van Den Berghe; Marcin Dąbrowski; Aksel Ersoy; Alexander Wandl; Ellen Van Bueren. 2019. "The Circular Economy: a Re-Emerging Industry? [working paper]." , no. : 1.
The concept of circular economy (CE) is high on the agenda of many planning agencies in European countries. It has also become a prominent issue in European academic education institutions. It is expected that spatial planning and design can support and add the spatial quality dimension of such a transition towards CE. However, incorporating the concept of CE in an integrative manner in urban design and planning courses is challenging because of its metabolic and complex nature. This article presents the first results of integrating design-teaching activities at a faculty of architecture with an H2020-financed research project. The integration of research and design education provided the students with a situated and indeed transdisciplinary learning environment. Students understood that they needed to address challenges from a systemic perspective rather early in the design process, meaning to understand what the relations between different subsystems and their spatial structures are. Furthermore, the experiment provided evidence that the eco-innovative solutions developed by the students are seen as an effective option to achieve objectives for a transition towards CE by stakeholders.
Alexander Wandl; Verena Balz; Lei Qu; Cecilia Furlan; Gustavo Arciniegas; Ulf Hackauf. The Circular Economy Concept in Design Education: Enhancing Understanding and Innovation by Means of Situated Learning. Urban Planning 2019, 4, 63 -75.
AMA StyleAlexander Wandl, Verena Balz, Lei Qu, Cecilia Furlan, Gustavo Arciniegas, Ulf Hackauf. The Circular Economy Concept in Design Education: Enhancing Understanding and Innovation by Means of Situated Learning. Urban Planning. 2019; 4 (3):63-75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexander Wandl; Verena Balz; Lei Qu; Cecilia Furlan; Gustavo Arciniegas; Ulf Hackauf. 2019. "The Circular Economy Concept in Design Education: Enhancing Understanding and Innovation by Means of Situated Learning." Urban Planning 4, no. 3: 63-75.
Janneke Van Der Leer; Arjan Van Timmeren; Alexander Wandl. Social-Ecological-Technical systems in urban planning for a circular economy: an opportunity for horizontal integration. Architectural Science Review 2018, 61, 298 -304.
AMA StyleJanneke Van Der Leer, Arjan Van Timmeren, Alexander Wandl. Social-Ecological-Technical systems in urban planning for a circular economy: an opportunity for horizontal integration. Architectural Science Review. 2018; 61 (5):298-304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanneke Van Der Leer; Arjan Van Timmeren; Alexander Wandl. 2018. "Social-Ecological-Technical systems in urban planning for a circular economy: an opportunity for horizontal integration." Architectural Science Review 61, no. 5: 298-304.
Waste management represents a challenge for public authorities due to many reasons such as increased waste generation following urban population growth, economic burdens imposed on the municipal budget, and nuisances inevitably caused to the environment and local inhabitants. To optimize the system from a sustainability perspective, moving the transition towards a more circular economy, a better understanding of the different stages of waste management is necessary. A review of recently developed sustainability frameworks for waste management showed that no single framework captures all the instruments needed to ultimately provide a solid basis for comprehensive analyses of the potential burdens associated with urban waste management. Bearing this limitation in mind, the objective of this research is to propose a conceptual and comprehensive sustainability framework to support decision-making in waste management of European cities. The framework comprises a combination of methods capable of identifying future strategies and scenarios, to assess different types of impacts based on a life cycle perspective, and considers the value of waste streams, the actors involved, and possible constraints of implementing scenarios. The social, economic, environmental, technical and political domains are covered, and special attention is paid to impacts affecting foremost the local population.
Sue Taelman; Davide Tonini; Alexander Wandl; Jo Dewulf. A Holistic Sustainability Framework for Waste Management in European Cities: Concept Development. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2184 .
AMA StyleSue Taelman, Davide Tonini, Alexander Wandl, Jo Dewulf. A Holistic Sustainability Framework for Waste Management in European Cities: Concept Development. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSue Taelman; Davide Tonini; Alexander Wandl; Jo Dewulf. 2018. "A Holistic Sustainability Framework for Waste Management in European Cities: Concept Development." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2184.
Urban metabolism is a multi-disciplinary approach to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate resource flows in urban systems, which aims to provide important insights into the dynamics of cities to make them more ecologically responsible. It has been also introduced into the urban design domain, however most of the attempts concern only tracking of energy and/or material flows to reduce environmental impacts by redesigning closed loops in a specific area. The hypothesis of this paper is that the concept of urban metabolism, and its indicators, could play an important role in advancing the science and practice related to sustainability in urban design and development. At the moment, however we lack indicators to support evaluation of urban design related decisions from the perspective of urban metabolism. The aim of this paper is to explore the application of urban metabolism indicators in urban design based on their characteristics. It reviews development periods of the concept and analytical models of urban metabolism, in order to identify crucial urban metabolism indicators for urban design. Next, these urban metabolism indicators are classified regarding type of analytical model, accounting method, indicator type, and indicator level. Finally, several suggestions are offered on how to integrate urban metabolism indicators into urban design. In addition, directions for future research on the topic are discussed.
Yan Song; Jorge Gil; Alexander Wandl; Arjan Van Timmeren. Evaluating sustainable urban development using urban metabolism indicators in urban design. Europa XXI 2018, 34, 5 -22.
AMA StyleYan Song, Jorge Gil, Alexander Wandl, Arjan Van Timmeren. Evaluating sustainable urban development using urban metabolism indicators in urban design. Europa XXI. 2018; 34 ():5-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan Song; Jorge Gil; Alexander Wandl; Arjan Van Timmeren. 2018. "Evaluating sustainable urban development using urban metabolism indicators in urban design." Europa XXI 34, no. : 5-22.
To improve the positive effects provided by green spaces on human well-being in dispersed urban areas is a key challenge for sustainable spatial development in Europe. This article presents a methodology that allows for the comparison of the potential of green spaces in Territories-in-Between across Europe, in a way that crosses the fields of urban ecology and urbanism. The article adds to the existing knowledge and understanding of the relation between the spatial organisation of systems of green spaces and their accessibility to biodiversity and human well-being. Firstly, it adapts the fragmentation index in a way that it can be applied to the specific spatial characteristics of Territories-in-Between. Secondly, it combines the fragmentation index with an indicator for accessibility of green spaces, in order to integrate aspects of ecology, human well-being and the spatial heterogeneity of the relation between them. The methodology is applied to ten areas across western Europe in order to inform decision and policy makers including urban planners, designers and environmental agencies to be able to assess the potential of system of green spaces for biological diversity and human well-being in an integrated manner.
Alexander Wandl. Comparing the Landscape Fragmentation and Accessibility of Green Spaces in Territories-in-Between across Europe. Urban Planning 2017, 2, 25 -44.
AMA StyleAlexander Wandl. Comparing the Landscape Fragmentation and Accessibility of Green Spaces in Territories-in-Between across Europe. Urban Planning. 2017; 2 (4):25-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexander Wandl. 2017. "Comparing the Landscape Fragmentation and Accessibility of Green Spaces in Territories-in-Between across Europe." Urban Planning 2, no. 4: 25-44.
Heat waves will occur in Rotterdam with greater frequency in the future. Those affected most will be the elderly – a group that is growing in size. In the light of the Paris heat wave of August 2003 and the one in Rotterdam in July 2006, mortality rates among the elderly in particular are likely to rise in the summer. METHOD The aim of the Hotterdam research project was to gain a better understanding of urban heat. The heat was measured and the surface energy balance modelled from that perspective. Social and physical features of the city we identified in detail with the help of satellite images, GIS and 3D models. We determined the links between urban heat/surface energy balance and the social/physical features of Rotterdam by multivariable regression analysis. The crucial elements of the heat problem were then clustered and illustrated on a social and a physical heat map. RESULTS The research project produced two heat maps, an atlas of underlying data and a set of adaptation measures which, when combined, will make the city of Rotterdam and its inhabitants more aware and less vulnerable to heat wave-related health effects. CONCLUSION In different ways, the pre-war districts of the city (North, South, and West) are warmer and more vulnerable to urban heat than are other areas of Rotterdam. The temperature readings that we carried out confirm these findings as far as outdoor temperatures are concerned. Indoor temperatures vary widely. Homes seem to have their particular dynamics, in which the house’s age plays a role. The above-average mortality of those aged 75 and over during the July 2006 heat wave in Rotterdam can be explained by a) the concentration of people in this age group, b) the age of the homes they live in, and c) the sum of sensible heat and ground heat flux. A diverse mix of impervious surfaces, surface water, foliage, building envelopes and shade make one area or district warmer than another. Adaptation measures are in the hands of residents, homeowners and the local council alike, and relate to changing behaviour, physical measures for homes, and urban design respectively.
Frank van der Hoeven; Delft University of Technology; Alexander Wandl. Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it. Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it 2015, 1 .
AMA StyleFrank van der Hoeven, Delft University of Technology, Alexander Wandl. Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it. Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it. 2015; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank van der Hoeven; Delft University of Technology; Alexander Wandl. 2015. "Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it." Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it , no. : 1.
Alexander Wandl; Vincent Nadin; Wil Zonneveld; Remon Rooij. Beyond urban–rural classifications: Characterising and mapping territories-in-between across Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning 2014, 130, 50 -63.
AMA StyleAlexander Wandl, Vincent Nadin, Wil Zonneveld, Remon Rooij. Beyond urban–rural classifications: Characterising and mapping territories-in-between across Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2014; 130 ():50-63.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexander Wandl; Vincent Nadin; Wil Zonneveld; Remon Rooij. 2014. "Beyond urban–rural classifications: Characterising and mapping territories-in-between across Europe." Landscape and Urban Planning 130, no. : 50-63.
The Amsterwarm project investigates the urban heat island of Amsterdam, the vulnerability of its population, the energy efficiency of its buildings and landuse. A novel mapping approach provides insights into the questions of what causes the urban heat island and who will be affected by it. Landuse does affect the surface temperature. The difference between the areas in the city with the least and the greatest impervious surface coverage accounts for an average land surface temperature difference of 11.6℃ per hectare. The study demonstrates furthermore that the vulnerability of people and buildings to the urban heat island effect is a local condition in which the energy efficiency of buildings, quality of life and demographic factors should all be considered in an approach that is sensitive to place. Practical application: The typological maps will allow local authorities to prioritise adaptive actions in urban planning in response to the urban heat island, an emerging climate-related challenge that has a significant impact on the comfort and health of its citizens and on the (future) energy use required for cooling buildings. Raising the albedo in those areas of the city that are dominated by impervious surface cover seems an effective adaptation strategy, suitable to a city such as Amsterdam that no longer builds on green field sites but only builds as possible within the envelope of the existing city. Improving the quality of life in neighbourhoods and the energy efficiency/climate proofing of the building stock could also be prioritised in the identified neighbourhoods.
Frank Van Der Hoeven; Alexander Wandl. Amsterwarm: Mapping the landuse, health and energy-efficiency implications of the Amsterdam urban heat island. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 2014, 36, 67 -88.
AMA StyleFrank Van Der Hoeven, Alexander Wandl. Amsterwarm: Mapping the landuse, health and energy-efficiency implications of the Amsterdam urban heat island. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology. 2014; 36 (1):67-88.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Van Der Hoeven; Alexander Wandl. 2014. "Amsterwarm: Mapping the landuse, health and energy-efficiency implications of the Amsterdam urban heat island." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 36, no. 1: 67-88.