The IoT refers to the interconnection of things to the physical network that is embedded with software, sensors, and other devices to exchange information from one device to the other. The interconnection of devices means there is the possibility of challenges such as security, trustworthiness, reliability, confidentiality, and so on. To address these issues, we have proposed a novel group theory (GT)-based binary spring search (BSS) algorithm which consists of a hybrid deep neural network approach. The proposed approach effectively detects the intrusion within the IoT network. Initially, the privacy-preserving technology was implemented using a blockchain-based methodology. Security of patient health records (PHR) is the most critical aspect of cryptography over the Internet due to its value and importance, preferably in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Search keywords access mechanism is one of the typical approaches used to access PHR from a database, but it is susceptible to various security vulnerabilities. Although blockchain-enabled healthcare systems provide security, it may lead to some loopholes in the existing state of the art. In literature, blockchain-enabled frameworks have been presented to resolve those issues. However, these methods have primarily focused on data storage and blockchain is used as a database. In this paper, blockchain as a distributed database is proposed with a homomorphic encryption technique to ensure a secure search and keywords-based access to the database. Additionally, the proposed approach provides a secure key revocation mechanism and updates various policies accordingly. As a result, a secure patient healthcare data access scheme is devised, which integrates blockchain and trust chain to fulfill the efficiency and security issues in the current schemes for sharing both types of digital healthcare data. Hence, our proposed approach provides more security, efficiency, and transparency with cost-effectiveness. We performed our simulations based on the blockchain-based tool Hyperledger Fabric and OrigionLab for analysis and evaluation. We compared our proposed results with the benchmark models, respectively. Our comparative analysis justifies that our proposed framework provides better security and searchable mechanism for the healthcare system.

Industry 5.0 is the digitalization, automation, and data exchange of industrial processes that involve artificial intelligence, industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and industrial cyber-physical systems (I-CPS). In healthcare, I-CPS enables the intelligent wearable devices to gather data from the real-world and transmit to the virtual world for decision-making. I-CPS makes our lives comfortable with the emergence of innovative healthcare applications. Similar to any other IIoT paradigm, I-CPS capable healthcare applications face numerous challenging issues. The resource-constrained nature of wearable devices and their inability to support complex security mechanisms provide an ideal platform to malevolent entities for launching attacks. To preserve the privacy of wearable devices and their data in an I-CPS environment, in this article we propose a lightweight mutual authentication scheme. Our scheme is based on client-server interaction model that uses symmetric encryption for establishing secured sessions among the communicating entities. After mutual authentication, the privacy risk associated with a patient data is predicted using an AI-enabled hidden Markov model. We analyzed the robustness and security of our scheme using Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic. This analysis shows that the use of lightweight security primitives for the exchange of session keys makes the proposed scheme highly resilient in terms of security, efficiency, and robustness. Finally, the proposed scheme incurs nominal overhead in terms of processing, communication and storage and is capable to combat a wide range of adversarial threats.

Owing to the limited resources of sensor nodes, we propose an efficient hybrid routing scheme using a dynamic cluster-based static routing protocol (DCBSRP), leveraging the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. In the proposed scheme, the cluster head (CH) nodes are formed dynamically for a fixed interval, whereas static routing is applied in the designated clusters by utilizing the AODV routing protocol. The static routing condition of the proposed scheme limits all connected nodes of the cluster for a defined interval of time (T) to share their collected information through a specific CH node. Once the time (T) interval is completed, all ordinary nodes connected with the specific CH are released and they are free to advertise their CH candidateship within the network. Likewise, the node receiving the maximum number of route replies (RREPs) is selected as the next CH node in the vicinity of deployed sensor nodes. However, with the DCBSRP protocol, the recently selected CH node does not advertise its candidateship for five consecutive cycles and acts as an ordinary node. The simulation result shows significant improvement in the lifetime and participation of ordinary nodes in the network until the end-stage of the network. In the proposed scheme, the participation of ordinary nodes in the network is 95.9 %, which not only balances load between participating nodes but also improves the network lifetime in the presence of field-proven schemes. Moreover, the simulation results show an out-performance of rival schemes in terms of communication cost, end to end delay, throughput, packet lost ratio, and energy consumption.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have revolutionized the era of conventional computing into a digitized world, commonly known as “The Internet of Things”. WSN consists of tiny low-cost sensing devices, having computation, communication and sensing capabilities. These networks are always debatable for their limited resources and the most arguable and critical issue in WSNs is energy efficiency. Sensors utilize energy in broadcasting, routing, clustering, on-board calculations, localization, and maintenance, etc. However, primary domains of energy consumption at node level are three i.e. sensing by sensing-module, processing by microprocessor and communication by radio link. Extensive sensing, over-costs processing and frequent communication not only minimize the network life-time, but also affects the availability of these resources for other tasks. To increase life-time and provide an energy-efficient WSN, here we have proposed a new scheme called “A Content-based Adaptive and Dynamic Scheduling (CADS) using two ways communication model in WSNs”. CADS dynamically changes a node states during data aggregation and each node adapts a new state based on contents of the sensed data packets. Analyzer module at the Base-Station investigates contents of sensed data packets and regulates functions of a node by transmitting control messages in a backward direction. CADS minimizes energy consumption by reducing unnecessary network traffic and avoid redundant message-forwarding. Simulation results have been shown that it increases energy-efficiency in terms of network life-time by 9.65% in 100 nodes-network, 11.36% in 150 nodes-network and 0.94% in 300 nodes. The proposed scheme is also showing stability in terms of increasing cluster life by 87.5% for a network of 100 nodes, 94.73% for 150 nodes and 53.9% in 300 nodes.

Internet of Things (IoT) is producing an extraordinary volume of data daily, and it is possible that the data may become useless while on its way to the cloud, due to long distances. Fog/edge computing is a new model for analysing and acting on time-sensitive data, adjacent to where it is produced. Further, cloud services provided by large companies such as Google, can also be localised to improve response time and service agility. This is accomplished through deploying small-scale datacentres in various locations, where needed in proximity of users; and connected to a centralised cloud that establish a multi-access edge computing (MEC). The MEC setup involves three parties, i.e. service-providers (IaaS), application-providers (SaaS), network-providers (NaaS); which might have different goals, therefore, making resource management difficult. Unlike existing literature, we consider resource management with-respect-to all parties; and suggest game-theoretic resource management techniques to minimise infrastructure energy consumption and costs while ensuring applications' performance. Our empirical evaluation, using Google's workload traces, suggests that our approach could reduce up to 11.95% energy consumption, and ~17.86% user costs with negligible loss in performance. Moreover, IaaS can reduce up-to 20.27% energy bills and NaaS can increase their costs-savings up-to 18.52% as compared to other methods.

Scientific organizations and researchers are eager to apply recent technological advancements, such as sensors and actuators, in different application areas, including environmental monitoring, creation of intelligent buildings, and precision agriculture. Technology-assisted irrigation for agriculture is a major research innovation which eases the work of farmers and prevents water wastage. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used as sensor nodes that directly interact with the physical environment and provide real-time data that are useful in identifying regions in need, particularly in agricultural fields. This paper presents an efficient methodology that employs WSN as a data collection tool and a decision support system (DSS). The proposed DSS can assist farmers in their manual irrigation procedures or automate irrigation activities. Water-deficient sites in both scenarios are identified by using soil moisture and environmental data sensors. However, the proposed system's accuracy is directly proportional to the accuracy of dynamic data generated by the deployed WSN. A simplified outlier-detection algorithm is thus presented and integrated with the proposed DSS to fine-tune the collected data prior to processing. The complexity of the algorithm is O(1) for dynamic datasets generated by sensor nodes and O(n) for static datasets. Different issues in technology-assisted irrigation management and their solutions are also addressed.