This study presents a critical analysis of the environmental challenges regarding global environmental policies and current practices in China. The study provides imperative evidence about the current emission control strategies, environmental planning, legislation, policy instruments, and measures to provide a sustainable environment for the present and future generations. The study followed a well-defined analytical methodology to analyse the measures adopted to control emissions as a trade-balancing tool for the environment. The findings indicated that domestic as well as the international collaborations were effective in controlling the present problem of environmental pollution, and suggested a need for collaborative agreements to amend the Environmental Protection Law (EPL). The analytical findings determined that the proposed EPL considered SO₂ or NO₂ emissions while neglecting an important source of environmental pollution, i.e., CO₂ emissions. The research findings also suggested a need for to accelerate efforts in a more professional, practical, and result-oriented manner to analyse the diverse nature of environmental issues. The research highlighted some of the obstacles to the successful implementation of EPL for current and future environmental challenges.

Sustainable, efficient, and affordable energy supply embraces a strong relationship with socio-economic development, specifically in developing countries. Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis in the form of expensive electricity generation by largely depending upon fossil fuels and experiencing power shortages. This paper offers a thorough analysis of Pakistan's renewable energy (hereinafter RE) potential and current practices, in trying to meet its energy demands. There is a limited academic discussion available concerning the utilization of RE resources of Pakistan to produce cost-effective and cost-competitive energy, including the formulation of pertinent laws and policies. This study adopts qualitative means to investigate global trends and current practices in renewables, followed by concrete observations and recommendations to improve the situation in Pakistan. The objective of the study is, therefore, to establish the significance of renewables and to examine possible solutions available to the government of Pakistan in addressing its energy crisis. The study concludes by suggesting that there is an urgent need to follow the global trend in replacing conventional energy methods with the country's extensive RE resources in order to ensure sustainable economic security and growth.

Holistic development is fostered when the education system allows learners to equip themselves with moral values, which is crucial in prospering a society. The current situation of moral disintegration among youth raises the importance of consolidation of moral values in education, and teachers play an important role in cultivating moral values among students. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the practices and challenges in imparting moral values by the teachers from primary schools in Karachi, Pakistan. A qualitative design was adopted, followed by semi-structured interviews and observations. All the interviews were voice-recorded, transcribed precisely, and analyzed through the thematic analysis technique. The views of teachers were confirmed by observing their classes for two days. The findings reveal that the teachers impart moral values by using different teaching practices, i.e. exemplary role, teamwork, storytelling, (positive and negative) reinforcement, and arranging activities. In contrast, most of the teachers were unaware of moral philosophies and the moral work of teaching. Results also revealed other challenges which highlight the importance of inclusion of moral education in curriculum and teaching practices by providing adequate opportunities for the professional development of teachers and allocate sufficient resources for the moral work of teaching.

Purpose: This study aims to explore why marine development and maritime security in Pakistan are significant and what the Chinese concerns are. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyse a growing Pak–China bilateral interests, particularly at Gwadar, to achieve the geostrategic objectives of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Design/methodology/approach: The study adopts a qualitative means to discuss the significance of China’s ambitions towards the CPEC project concerning strategic deep-sea management and maritime regulations in the region, with a particular focus on the Gwadar Port. Findings: The paper concludes that the Gwadar Port is a critical element for maritime security in the whole region. The study also provides an analysis of national and international, security and legal challenges associated with CPEC. Originality/value: Most of the potential outcomes have already been discussed in public, though a limited academic discussion is available on the legal aspects. It is particularly so with regard to the development and capacity building in the maritime sector of Pakistan under this project. This study aims to explore why marine development and maritime security in Pakistan is significant and what the Chinese concerns are.

The chapter on Tort Liability of the new Chinese Civil Code has broadened the types of environmental torts and expanded the scope of environmental damages. After such changes, however, deficiencies still exist. Most significantly, environmental torts are not determined by illegality, which means whether national emission standards have been violated is irrelevant. As long as damages are caused, the principle of liability without fault shall be applied. Conflicts in Chinese environmental law have led to discrepancies and inconsistencies in related judicial decisions. In this regard, this paper argues that the “theory of tolerance limit” should be adopted to redefine the meaning of illegality and further identify the conception of liability without fault for environmental damages. In addition, the punitive damages system created by the Civil Code also lacks clarity in its judgment criteria. Since the purpose of private law is reparation rather than punishment, this paper recommends that the scope of punitive damages should be clarified through compensation for loss to maintain consistency in civil legislation.