This work compares photoacoustic images of a tooth by analyzing the signals generated with wavelengths 532 and 355 nm. This comparison addresses the differences in the optical properties of dental tissue for these wavelengths that affect the resulting photoacoustic images. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser was used to illuminate a complete extracted tooth sample, and 2D photoacoustic images (PAIs) were reconstructed using the single-sensor scanning synthetic aperture focusing technique (SSC-SAFT), which is a suitable method for our experimental system with forward detection mode. Signal comparison was conducted using sinogram, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), root mean square (RMS), arrival time, maximum amplitude, and fast Fourier transform (FFT). PAI comparison utilized intensity profile, edge correlation, and image composition tools. The signal analysis revealed that at 532 nm, the signals exhibited longer decay time and a wider distribution of vibration frequencies due to higher laser pulse energy and greater optical penetration depth. Conversely, at 355 nm, the signals had shorter decay times and a lower frequency distribution, which was attributed to lower energy but improved optical absorption, resulting in reconstructed images with better sharpness and contour definition. This study contributes to the advancement of photoacoustic imaging technology in dentistry by providing insights that could optimize signal generation and image reconstruction for dental tissue.

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT), which combines optical absorption and ultrasonic detection, enables the monitoring of dehydration-driven structural changes in extracted teeth over time. In this proof-of-concept study, 2D photoacoustic images of a wisdom tooth were generated on the same scanning plane at days 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, and 28 post-extraction, using day 0 as the reference. Measurements were performed in forward-detection mode with a single ultrasound transducer and a 532 nm pulsed laser. For the comparative analysis of variations between images, four metrics were used: Pearson correlation coefficient, Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). Structural changes were also examined through radial intensity profiles extracted from each image. The results revealed marked differences in the central region, evidencing progressive structural and acoustic modifications within the tooth. The most significant change occurred on day 1, followed by small but consistent variations on subsequent days. These differences are associated with dehydration-induced changes in tissue density, which affect sound propagation. This study highlights the value of PAT for noninvasive monitoring of post-extraction dental changes, with implications for diagnosis, treatment guidance, and biomaterials research in dentistry.

While aluminum (Al) continues to be a cornerstone for microelectronic interconnect technologies, its chronic tendency toward hillock growth and thermal instability necessitates a transition toward high-performance nanostructured material architectures. This research tackles these reliability bottlenecks by achieving a molecular-level integration of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) within Al matrices, a strategy designed to fortify structural resilience. Adopting a green chemistry approach, we synthesized Al-GNP (0.25 vol.%) composite thin films through Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) using precursors derived from recycled aluminum. A major obstacle—the formation of the deleterious Al₄C₃ intermetallic phase—was effectively suppressed by ensuring a homogeneous supramolecular dispersion via a specialized dual protocol (ultrasonication and magnetic stirring) during the powder metallurgy stage. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization, utilizing HR-TEM and XRD, verified the structural integrity of the multilayer GNPs (d-spacing = 4.6 Å). Furthermore, surface metrology analysis uncovered a radical shift in growth kinetics: whereas pure Al grew via a “spiky” Volmer-Weber mechanism (Sku = 31.17), the carbon-based inclusion stabilized the film evolution, tempering the kurtosis to Sku = 7.74. Analytical cross-sectional EDS confirmed both stoichiometric fidelity and the achievement of void-free Si/Pt/Al-GNP interfaces. These outcomes prove that a precise nanoscale tailoring of surface morphology via carbonaceous reinforcements significantly bolsters microstructural stamina. Consequently, these PLD-deposited composites emerge as sustainable, cutting-edge candidates for the next generation of microelectronic packaging and interfacial chemistry applications.