Background: Myopia is a condition in which the visual images come to a focus in front of the retina of the eye. This disease is a major cause of visual disability, which presents in 108 million persons globally. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between the degree of myopia, the axial length, and the choroidal thickness (CT). Methods: This is an observational analytical study that made use of a cross-sectional design. A total of 59 participants with refractive errors underwent treatment at Hasanuddin University Hospital and 116 eyes were measured and analyzed. The choroidal thickness was measured using the Enhance Depth Imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) tool, which is divided into nine observational areas. Furthermore, all data obtained were compared using statistical analysis, such as the one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation test (p < 0.05). Results: There was a significant relationship between the choroidal thickness with axial length (p < 0.05) and myopia degrees (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The thickness of the choroid decreases with an increase in the axial length and degree of myopia, which further indicates that the higher the myopia degree, the thinner the choroidal vasculature.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and it involves various biomolecular and cellular levels. CRC has possibly happened due to aging, urbanization, and diet. Different foods have varying effects on the gastrointestinal cells, that's why additional research is necessary to create effective medical interventions. This review aimed to evaluate the correlation between dietary and nutritional status on the outcome of CRC patients. Study results showed that a healthy diet such as fruit and vegetables is the best diet for improving colorectal cancer outcomes. Moreover, nutritional status affected CRC patients' outcomes, where high BMI increases the risk of having CRC. However, low BMI was associated with CRC progression and poor quality of life.

Objective: This review aimed to evaluate the effect of bevacizumab on adverse events and the quality of life (QoL) from colorectal cancer (CRC) patient. Methods: A literature search was conducted from PUBMED, MEDLINE databases and some valid literatures from another databases that published in the last 10 years, and the design is an observational and randomized controlled trial (RCT). Results: CRC is a malignancy, which happens in the colon or rectum. One of the therapy for CRC is by using bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody. However, the usage of bevacizumab is still become a controversy because of its clinical complications. Several studies showed that bevacizumab could cause some adverse events in the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematology, and others body systems and affect the CRC patient QoL. However, the clinical complication of this drug is also affected by the combination therapy regimen used. Conclusions: The use of bevacizumab could cause some adverse event in different aspects, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematology, and others. Some of those are significant, but others are not. Besides that, using bevacizumab as a treatment regiment could also affect the QoL of CRC patients, but it is also affected by the combination therapy regimen used.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a serious and emergency condition that may cause visual disturbance. Treatment includes pars plana vitrectomy with a tamponade such as intraocular gas or silicone oil (SO). In many countries, silicone oil is still favorable compared to intraocular gases as tamponade for reattachment of retinal detachment surgery. The application provides a higher anatomical success rate, especially in cases of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) that were previously considered untreatable. Objective assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the eye with silicone oil tamponade is a challenge because of the limitations and difficulties in taking images. This study aims to assess the RNFL thickness changes in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients using SO tamponade and its subsequent removal conducted on a total of 35 post-operative RRD patients. Central macular and RNFL thickness, as well as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), were recorded at the time of tamponade and after the removal of the SO at 1, 4, and 8 weeks, respectively. The results showed that the changes in RNFL thickness significantly decreased in the group of ≤6 months, especially in the superior and temporal quadrants, and BCVA increased after SO removal (p < 0.05). Central macular thickness was significant (p < 0.001) at the end of the visit. Improved visual acuity is associated with decreased RNFL and central macular thickness after SO removal.

Introduction . This study aimed to assess vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) levels within vitreous and blood serum samples of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and their relationship to the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Methods . Seventeen eyes of patients with RRD were included in the RRD group and divided into three subgroups: RRD without PVR, RRD with PVR grades A and B, and RRD with PVR grade C. Five control eyes (nucleus and intraocular lens drop) were included in this study. Blood serum and vitreous samples were collected during vitrectomy. VEGF‐A and PDGF‐AA levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results . The mean vitreous VEGF‐A level in the RRD group was 131.71 ± 58.25 pg/mL, and the mean vitreous PDGF‐AA level was 174.62 ± 65.17 pg/mL. Both levels were significantly higher in the RRD group compared with the control group ( p < 0.05). Vitreous VEGF‐A and PDGF‐AA levels were the highest in RRD with PVR grade C subgroup, with mean levels of 179.87 ± 21.02 pg/mL and 229.44 ± 14.09 pg/mL, respectively ( p < 0.05). The vitreous VEGF‐A/PDGF‐AA ratios in the RRD subgroups were completely different. Conclusion . Based on the tendency of VEGF‐A and PDGF‐AA levels, RRD surgery has to be performed as soon as possible prior to retinal cell death and membrane proliferative formation.

Introduction: Ethambutol (EMB) is one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs that reported to cause toxic effects on the eye structure. This study aims to elucidate the histological mechanism of retinal and optic nerve damage in toxic optic neuropathy cases. Reference Sources: The literature search was conducted in the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases using the latest publication of the 2012-2022 series. Studies Selection: The observational and randomized controlled trial studies analyzing the effect of ethambutol on retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal ganglion layer, inner cell plexiform layer thickness, optic nerve tissue, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color perception, visual evoked response, and patients' visual field were included. Data Extraction Method: Articles that met the inclusion criteria underwent a specific evaluation, whereby the main focus was the ethambutol on retinal and optic nerve tissue. Results: The results showed that ethambutol affects the thinning of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL), decreasing the amount of Ganglion Cells and changing the optic nerve's histological function by damaging the mitochondria and axonal fiber. Conclusion: It was concluded that ethambutol has adverse effects on retinal and optic nerve tissue due to several mechanisms and significantly affects the patient's visual outcome.