To date, scientists have found that stress plays an important role in the formation of congenital malformations. It can be caused by the influence of negative environmental factors on the pregnant woman or by her own diseases. One of the consequences of stress is hypoxia. It can be acute and chronic, and can have a negative impact both during pregnancy and during childbirth. They also distinguish local and general hypoxia. The consequences of the negative impact of oxygen deficiency on the embryo and fetus can manifest itself both in utero and after birth, leading to various kinds of congenital malformations, diseases, and sometimes fetal death, or increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Hyperplasia of blood vessels, the so-called children’s hemangiomas, develops both in utero, especially with chronic fetal hypoxia, and during childbirth. It develops due to insufficient blood supply and oxygen deficiency in various parts of the body, most often in the head and neck. In an embryo under conditions of hypoxia, tachycardia develops – with an increase in heart rate and, if it is ineffective, local vasodilation occurs. Only then, under the condition of continuing hypoxia, does an increase in the number of blood vessels develop. This often leads to the formation of hyperplasia of the blood vessels, the so-called children’s hemangiomas.This pathology is quite common, especially among fair-skinned children, which makes its study, in particular the factors that cause this pathology, relevant today.

The aim of the study was to investigate morphometric parameters of the parotid gland in various shapes of the facial and brain skull.Material and methods. The study included cadaveric biomaterial obtained from individuals of both sexes aged 48 to 73 years. There were investigated 120 human head organcomplexes containing 240 parotid glands. The samples were used to measure the upper height of the face and its width, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the skull, and to calculate the values of the upper facial and transverse longitudinal indexes. Then the soft tissues were dissected in layers, and the parotid glands and adjacent neurovascular formations were isolated. Morphometric parameters of the parotid glands were processed statistically.Results. It was found that the vertical size of the parotid gland correlated with the upper facial index, and the sagittal size correlated with the transverse-longitudinal index. Statistically significant relationships between the upper facial, transverse-longitudinal indices and the shape of the parotid gland were not recorded.Conclusion. The study revealed an average positive correlation between the morphometric parameters of the parotid gland and the upper facial and transverse longitudinal indices. The results of the study complement the available data on the anatomy of the parotid gland and can be used in planning surgical interventions, as well as in interpreting the results of diagnostic radiation studies.

Nowadays scientists have found that one of the most common maxillofacial area damages is hyperplasia of blood vessels — so-called children’s hemangioma. It appears because of imperfect intrauterine development of blood vessels, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy. This can occur under the influence of various negative environmental factors acting on the embryo and fetus indirectly through the body of a pregnant woman. Predisposing factors may include prematurity and female gender. This pathology associates with microvasculature malformations. It appears because of many external negative factors and genetic defects. (It appears because there are many external factors and genetic defects). To carry out prevention, we need to know periods and norms of blood vessels shaping and development in zone of head and neck. It’s relevant to study today. Knowledge of the timing and normal development of the processes of laying and formation of blood vessels in the head and neck, as well as understanding the critical timing of embryonic development can help in early preventive measures against the development of blood vessel hyperplasia. Through recommendations to pregnant women for the purpose of insurance from various stressful and negative environmental factors.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity pulsed broadband irradiation in treating infected wounds. A morphological study was conducted on wound specimens from 105 Wistar rats, in which infected wounds were experimentally induced (three groups). The first group was treated with high-intensity pulsed broadband irradiation, the second group received traditional ultraviolet irradiation, and the third group was treated only with antiseptics. Monitoring was performed before treatment, on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days of treatment. Non-parametric statistical methods were used for data analysis. Prior to treatment, the wounds exhibited signs of the acute inflammation phase. By the 7th day, the first group’s wounds were in the proliferation phase. In the second and third groups, edema and infiltration persisted. By the 14th day, the first group’s wounds showed signs of granulation tissue formation and transition to the regeneration stage. In the second group, there was a reduction in infiltration, the appearance of new capillaries, and an increase in fibroblasts. In the third group, inflammatory symptoms persisted. By the 21st day, the first group showed remodeling of connective tissue with signs of delicate scar formation. In the second group, signs of connective tissue remodeling were observed, while in the third group, there was reduced infiltration with slow formation of new vessels. Thus, the use of high-intensity pulsed broadband irradiation in the early stages effectively mitigates inflammation, activates local immune response, and accelerates reparative processes.

Previous studies have demonstrated that Helianthus tuberosus L. polysaccharide (HTLP) exhibits potent immunomodulating activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity and explore its potential applications in various anti-inflammatory models. We examined the anti-inflammatory potential of HTLP using in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro, we assessed the impact of HTLP on the expression of key inflammatory genes (TNFA, IL1B, IL6, IL12B, IL23, CD40, CD80, CD274, CSF1, and NAMPT) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells. In vivo, we employed rat pocket granuloma and formalin- and carrageenan-induced oedema models. HTLP significantly reduced oedema volume in the in vivo models. In the carrageenan-induced oedema model, HTLP exhibited efficacy significantly higher than that of ibuprofen, reducing oedema by 76% at 8 h (p < 0.01). In the air pouch granuloma model, HTLP showed comparable anti-inflammatory activity to ibuprofen. In the formalin-induced oedema model, HTLP reduced oedema, demonstrating less efficacy than ibuprofen, with a reduction of 58% versus ibuprofen’s 65% (p < 0.001). The anti-inflammatory mechanism of HTLP involves not only the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNFA, IL1B, IL6, IL12B, IL23, CD40, CD80, CD274, and CSF1) but also the activation of cell survival and cellular defence mechanisms (NAMPT) and the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL10). The observed biological activity of HTLP suggests its potential as a valuable therapeutic agent for inflammatory conditions. The combination of functional and molecular evidence demonstrates HTLP’s potent anti-inflammatory properties across multiple models, with efficacy approaching or exceeding that of ibuprofen in certain models. However, further studies are necessary to fully elucidate its mechanism of action and to evaluate its long-term efficacy and safety.